الوحدة 11-المرجع

Chemistry is the scientific study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter. Chemists explore how substances interact with one another, form new compounds, and undergo transformations. Chemistry is fundamental in fields like medicine, environmental science, and industry, as it helps create new materials, understand biological processes, and develop products from energy to pharmaceuticals.

Mathematics is the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns. It includes various fields like arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and calculus, all of which are used to solve problems and explain relationships between different elements. Mathematics is essential in everyday life and is widely applied in areas such as science, engineering, economics, and technology.

Physics is the study of the fundamental forces and particles that make up the universe, as well as how matter and energy interact. It explores concepts like motion, gravity, electricity, and light. Physics provides the basis for understanding natural laws and is critical in technologies like computers, transportation, and medical devices, as well as in advancing knowledge about the universe.

Science is the study of the natural world through observation, experimentation, and reasoning. It seeks to understand how things work, from the smallest particles to large systems, by asking questions and testing ideas. Science covers a wide range of fields, such as biology, physics, and chemistry. It uses systematic methods to gather knowledge, make discoveries, and develop technologies that improve lives. Science is important for understanding the world around us and solving problems in health, technology, and the environment.

A primary school is an educational institution that provides the first stage of formal education, typically for children aged 5 to 11 years. It focuses on foundational subjects such as reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies. Primary schools aim to develop basic academic skills, as well as social and emotional skills, in young learners. This stage of education serves as the groundwork for further learning in secondary and higher education. In many countries, primary school is compulsory and is considered a key part of a child's early development.

High school is an educational institution for students typically aged 14 to 18, covering grades 9 through 12. It provides a more advanced level of education, focusing on subjects like mathematics, science, language arts, social studies, and electives such as art, music, and physical education. High school helps students build the skills necessary for either higher education or entering the workforce. During this time, students may also engage in extracurricular activities, such as sports, clubs, or volunteer work. High school is a crucial period for personal and academic growth, preparing students for adult responsibilities and future careers.

A university is an institution of higher education that offers a wide range of academic programs, including undergraduate, graduate, and sometimes professional degrees. Universities typically have multiple departments or faculties, each specializing in different fields of study. In addition to providing bachelor's degrees, universities offer advanced degrees such as master's and doctoral programs. Universities are also centers for research, where students and faculty conduct studies that contribute to the advancement of knowledge. Many universities have a larger student body and offer a broader array of extracurricular activities compared to colleges.

A student is an individual formally enrolled in an educational institution, such as a school, college, or university, to pursue specific academic goals. Students attend classes, complete assignments, and often work toward earning qualifications or degrees. This term typically applies to those in structured learning environments, especially at higher levels of education.

A trainee is someone undergoing practical training for a particular job or skill, usually within a professional or work-related context. Trainees typically learn through hands-on experience, often as part of an apprenticeship or internship. This role focuses on developing specific abilities necessary for a career or specialized field, rather than academic study.

A trainer is a person who helps others improve their abilities or skills in a specific area, such as sports, work, or other activities. In sports, a trainer may teach athletes how to perform better, increase their strength, or refine their techniques. For animals, a trainer may teach them to follow commands or perform certain tasks. Trainers use various methods, including instruction, practice, and guidance, to help individuals or animals reach their full potential. They play a key role in enhancing performance and ensuring improvement in the area they specialize in.

A tutor is a person who provides individualized or small-group instruction to help students understand specific subjects or improve their skills. Tutors often work outside of regular classroom hours and focus on areas where students may need extra support, such as in subjects they find challenging or for test preparation. Their role is to offer personalized attention, explain concepts in different ways, and address the specific needs of each student to ensure their academic success. Tutors may work in schools, privately, or through online platforms.

Traffic lights are signaling devices used to control the flow of traffic at intersections. They typically have three colors: red, yellow, and green. Red means stop, yellow signals caution or prepare to stop, and green indicates go. These lights help prevent accidents by ensuring that vehicles and pedestrians move safely and in an organized manner. Traffic lights are often placed at busy intersections or areas where controlled movement is needed to manage traffic and pedestrian flow.

A course is a structured program of study that focuses on a particular subject or topic, usually offered in schools, colleges, or universities. It consists of a series of lessons, assignments, and exams designed to help students learn specific concepts, skills, or knowledge. A course may last for a set period, such as a semester or a year, and can vary in length, difficulty, and content. Courses are typically part of a larger curriculum or academic program and can lead to certifications, diplomas, or degrees once completed. They help individuals gain expertise in specific areas of interest or career paths.

Economics is the study of how people, businesses, and governments make choices regarding the use of resources. It looks at how goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed, and how different factors like supply and demand affect the economy. Economics helps to understand financial systems and informs policy decisions related to growth, employment, and inflation.