Geology

epicenter

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(ohnisko zemětřesení)

epicentrum

the point on the surface of the earth vertically above the focus of an earthquake where its effects are felt most strongly

volcanology

Podstatné jméno

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(vulkanologická věda)

vulkanologie

a branch of geology that focuses on the study of volcanoes, volcanic activity, and related phenomena

shield volcano

Podstatné jméno

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(vulkanického štítu)

štítový vulkán

a type of broad, gently sloping volcano formed by the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava

caldera

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(sopečné jezero)

kaldera

a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption

magma

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(tavenina)

magma

liquid or semi-liquid rock that exists under the earth's surface with an extremely hot temperature

sediment

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(usazenina)

sediment

particles of rock, minerals, or organic materials that have been transported by wind, water, or ice, and deposited in layers on the Earth's surface

geothermal

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(geotermálního)

geotermální

connected with or produced by the heat inside the earth

basin

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(bassin)

pánve

a large, bowl-shaped depression or low-lying area on the Earth's surface, typically surrounded by higher landforms and often filled with sedimentary deposits

continental crust

Podstatné jméno

/kˌɑːntɪnˈɛntəl kɹˈʌst/

(pevninská kůra)

kontinentální kůra

the thick, buoyant part of the Earth's crust that forms the continents, composed mainly of granitic rocks and less dense than oceanic crust

paleocontinent

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(paleocontinent)

paleokontinent

a landmass that existed in the geological past

subduction

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(subdukční proces)

subdukce

a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle

mantle

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(mantl)

plášť

the region of the Earth's interior, lying beneath the crust and extending to the outer core, composed of solid rock that can deform and flow over geological time scales

quarry

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(dobývací stání)

kámenolom

a site where large quantities of rock, stone, or minerals are extracted from the Earth's crust for industrial use or construction purposes

fault

Podstatné jméno

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(porucha)

blok

a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock, along which there has been significant displacement due to tectonic forces

bedrock

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(základová hornina)

podloží

solid rock beneath surface materials, forming the Earth's crust foundation

shale

Podstatné jméno

/ʃeɪl/ or /sheil/

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(šedá skála)

břidlice

a type of fine-grained sedimentary rock made from compacted clay or mud particles, known for its ability to split into thin layers

basalt

Podstatné jméno

/bə.sɔlt/ or /bē.sawlt/

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(bazan)

bazalt

a type of dark, fine-grained igneous rock formed from cooled lava, characterized by its dense composition and typically dark gray to black color

index fossil

Podstatné jméno

/ˈɪndɛks fˈɑːsəl/

(fossilní index)

indexový fosil

a fossilized organism that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found, typically indicative of a particular time period in Earth's geological history

intrusion

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(vniknutí)

intruze

(geology) the injection of magma into existing rock formations underground

radiometric dating

Podstatné jméno

/ɹˌeɪdɪoʊmˈɛtɹɪk dˈeɪɾɪŋ/

(radiometrické měření)

radiometrické datování

a method used to determine the age of rocks and minerals by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes present in them

igneous

Přídavné jméno

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(magmatický)

vyvřelý

(of rock) formed from cooled magma or lava

metamorphic

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(metamorfózní)

metamorfní

related to rocks transformed by intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes, altering their mineral composition and texture

tectonic

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(týkající se tektoniky)

tektonický

relating to the movement and arrangement of the Earth's crust

to smelt

sloveso

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(tavit rudu)

tavit

to extract metal from its ore by heating and melting it in a furnace

slag

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(kal)

struska

the byproduct of smelting ore that forms a glass-like material, often found as a residue in mining and metalworking activities

mesozoic

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(mezozoická éra)

mezozoikum

the period of time from about 252 to 66 million years ago, characterized by the dominance of dinosaurs and the gradual breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea

granite

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(granity)

žula

a durable and visually appealing natural rock used for countertops, flooring, and other architectural applications

quartzite

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(křemenná rula)

křemenec

a tough type of rock that starts as sandstone but changes under intense heat and pressure underground, becoming very hard and durable

argillite

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(t空气凝结石)

argilit

a type of rock formed from clay minerals that have been compressed and hardened over time, creating a dense and often smooth-textured material

olivine

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(olivínová minerální látka)

olivín

a mineral with a greenish hue, commonly found in igneous rocks like basalt and peridotite, known for its high magnesium and iron content

limestone

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(vápno)

vápenec

a hard gray or white rock that contains calcium and is used for making cement or as a building material

pyroxene

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(pyroxenová skupina)

pyroxen

a group of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, typically dark in color and composed of silica, magnesium, and iron

kaolinite

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(kaolin)

kaolinit

a soft, white clay mineral formed from the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks, used widely in ceramics, paper production, and as a filler in some medications

feldspar

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(feldspar)

živce

a group of minerals that are the most abundant components in the Earth's crust, known for their hardness and varied colors, often used in ceramics and glassmaking