free verse

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A stanza is a grouped set of lines in a poem, often separated from other stanzas by a blank line. Stanzas function similarly to paragraphs in prose, organizing thoughts and ideas into distinct sections. They can vary in length, structure, and rhyme scheme, allowing poets to create different effects and rhythms within their work. The arrangement of stanzas contributes to the overall flow and visual presentation of a poem, helping to guide the reader's experience and enhance the thematic elements of the piece.

What is a "stanza"?

stanza

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A sonnet is a structured form of poetry that consists of fourteen lines, typically written in iambic pentameter. Sonnets often explore themes of love, beauty, time, or nature, and they usually include a volta, or turn, which introduces a shift in perspective or argument. This form allows poets to convey complex emotions and ideas within a tight structure, making it a popular choice throughout literary history. The rhyme scheme and meter contribute to the musical quality of the poem, enhancing its expressive power.

Who is a "sonnet"?

sonnet

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prose

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cHJvc2U&hash=d589ffb0c7399c415a313b62aea9225287caa0bb&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

A ballad is a type of song or poem that tells a story, often about historical events, legends, or romantic tales. Ballads are typically characterized by their narrative style and can be set to music with a simple and memorable melody. They often follow a repetitive structure with verses and a chorus, making them easy to sing and remember. Ballads have been popular across various cultures and eras, serving as a way to convey stories and emotions through both music and words.

What is a "ballad"?

ballad

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Antimetabole is a rhetorical device where a phrase or sentence is repeated in reverse order to create a memorable and impactful effect. This involves swapping the order of words or phrases to emphasize a contrast or reveal a deeper meaning. For example, in the phrase "Eat to live, not live to eat", the reversal of the words highlights the contrast between the two ideas and creates a striking effect. Antimetabole can add rhythm, reinforce a point, or enhance the persuasive power of a statement.

What is "antimetabole"?

antimetabole

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Personification is a figure of speech where human qualities are given to animals, objects, or abstract ideas. It helps make non-human things seem more relatable or vivid by describing them as if they can act, think, or feel like people. For example, saying "The wind whispered through the trees" gives the wind the human ability to whisper. Personification adds depth and emotion to writing by allowing readers to connect more deeply with the subject.

What is "personification"?

personification

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An allusion is a literary device where a reference is made to a person, place, event, or work of literature that is not explicitly mentioned but is expected to be recognized by the reader. This reference is used to add meaning or context to the text by drawing on the reader's knowledge of the alluded-to subject. For example, if a character is described as "fighting a losing battle against overwhelming odds", it alludes to the historical event of the Battle of Thermopylae, where a small group of Greek warriors faced a much larger Persian army. This allusion helps convey that the character is facing a seemingly insurmountable challenge. Allusions enrich the text by connecting it to broader cultural or historical references.

What is an "allusion"?

allusion

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allegorical

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=YWxsZWdvcmljYWw&hash=c5594d936e6028bd26fe81460aee27b1435a71f6&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

A pun is a form of wordplay that uses the multiple meanings of a word or similar-sounding words to create a humorous or clever effect. It involves a play on words where a word or phrase is used in a way that suggests different meanings or interpretations. For example, in the phrase "I used to be a baker, but I could not make enough dough", the pun is on the word "dough", which refers both to the mixture used to make bread and slang for money. This play on words adds humor by linking two different meanings of the same word. Puns are often used to add wit or a clever twist to writing and speech.

What is a "pun"?

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A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly compares two different things by stating that one thing is another, highlighting a particular quality or aspect they share, without using "like" or "as". For example, saying "Time is a thief" suggests that time steals moments from lives, even though time is not literally a thief. Metaphors help convey meanings and emotions in a more vivid and imaginative way by creating direct comparisons between different concepts.

What is a "metaphor"?

metaphor

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A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words "like" or "as" to highlight a similarity between them. For example, saying "Her smile was like sunshine" compares the warmth and brightness of her smile to the sun, making the description more vivid and expressive. Similes are used to create clearer or more imaginative descriptions by drawing parallels between familiar concepts and the subject being described.

What is a "simile"?

simile

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Irony is a way of using language to say something that is intentionally contrary to what is meant, often to criticize or mock. It employs clever or sarcastic language to highlight flaws or shortcomings indirectly. For example, if someone who is consistently late is called "Mr. Punctual", the remark uses irony to emphasize the opposite of the truth and to subtly criticize the person's lack of punctuality. This form of irony is used to express disapproval or mock someone or something by pointing out their flaws in an indirect and often humorous way.

What is "irony"?

irony

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marginalia

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bWFyZ2luYWxpYQ&hash=2e4ab4f0a9d4583d6dd461fdb9a220e7b21a12c5&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

A memoir is a type of personal narrative that explores specific events or periods from a person's life. It focuses on sharing the author’s own experiences, reflections, and insights about those times. Rather than covering an entire life, a memoir delves into particular moments or themes, offering a detailed and personal perspective on how these experiences shaped the author's life. It aims to provide readers with an intimate understanding of the author's journey and the significance of the experiences described.

What is a "memoir"?

memoir

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An autobiography is a book or account in which a person writes about their own life experiences and personal history. It provides details about the individual's background, achievements, and significant events from their own perspective. Autobiographies often include reflections on key moments, personal growth, and the impact of various experiences on the author's life. The purpose of an autobiography is to share one's own story with readers, offering insights into their life and character.

What is an "autobiography"?

autobiography

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A graphic novel is a book-length work of fiction or non-fiction that uses the format and techniques of a comic book, combining illustrations and text to tell a story. Unlike traditional comic books, which are usually released in individual parts, a graphic novel presents a complete narrative within a single volume or a series of volumes. The storytelling in graphic novels often explores complex themes and employs a range of artistic styles, making them a versatile medium for both literary and visual storytelling.

What is a "graphic novel"?

graphic novel

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An anthology is a collection of selected works, such as poems, short stories, essays, or other written pieces, gathered into one book. These works are usually chosen based on a common theme, genre, or author, and the anthology serves as a way to showcase a variety of examples within that area. Anthologies are often used in literature courses to introduce students to different styles of writing or to provide a broad range of literary works from various authors. They offer readers a diverse selection of material, making it easier to explore different ideas and perspectives.

What is an "anthology"?

anthology

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A manuscript is a handwritten or typed document that represents an author's original work before it is published. It can include drafts of novels, essays, research papers, or other written material. Manuscripts are used to review, edit, and refine the content before it is finalized for publication or presentation. They can be in various stages of completion, from rough drafts to near-final versions, and are crucial in the process of creating a polished and finished work.

What is a "manuscript"?

manuscript

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satirical

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c2F0aXJpY2Fs&hash=d2198efcf5d157e228838d21dc730e47b14dd3dd&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

An excerpt is a short portion or segment taken from a larger piece of music, text, or work. It represents a specific part of the whole, often selected to highlight a particular section, theme, or idea. In music, an excerpt might be used to showcase a notable passage or to provide a sample of the work for analysis or performance. Excerpts are useful for focusing on specific elements without needing to present the entire piece.

What is an "excerpt"?

excerpt

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A scroll is a long, continuous roll of paper, parchment, or other material used for writing or printing text. Unlike books with bound pages, a scroll consists of a single sheet or series of sheets rolled onto a spindle or dowel. To read a scroll, it is unrolled gradually from one end to reveal the text. Scrolls were commonly used in ancient and medieval times for recording documents, religious texts, and literature. They are often associated with historical or traditional manuscripts and are valued for their historical significance and unique format.

What is a "scroll"?

scroll

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An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion or reaction and is often used independently from the main sentence. Interjections can convey a wide range of feelings, such as surprise, joy, anger, or excitement. Common examples include "wow," "ouch," "hey," "oh," and "hurray." Interjections are usually followed by punctuation, such as an exclamation mark, to emphasize the emotional response. For instance, in the sentence "Wow! That is amazing," the interjection "wow" shows excitement. Understanding interjections is important for recognizing how emotions are conveyed in speech and writing, adding depth and expressiveness to communication.

What is an "interjection"?

interjection

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tone

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG9uZQ&hash=71867a82fe1b9f8a2968dc3b3c04b48da1b987e8&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

canon

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y2Fub24&hash=50a851b03f1568033209b229d96d8adf5b12da9d&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

The protagonist is the main character in a story, play, or film who drives the plot forward and faces the central conflict. This character is typically the one the audience or readers are meant to root for or empathize with, and their actions, decisions, and growth are central to the narrative. The protagonist often has clear goals or desires and must overcome various challenges or obstacles throughout the story.

Who is the "protagonist"?

protagonist

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A heroine is a central female character in a story who displays qualities such as courage, strength, and moral integrity. She often embarks on a significant journey or faces various challenges, working to achieve noble goals or overcome obstacles. The heroine usually plays a key role in the plot, often standing up against antagonists or adversity to protect others or bring about positive change.

Who is a "heroine"?

heroine

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Figurative language is a way of using words in creative and imaginative ways to convey meanings beyond their literal definitions. It involves expressing ideas through techniques such as comparisons, exaggerations, or personification to create vivid images and evoke emotions. This approach adds depth and interest to writing, helping to paint clearer pictures in the reader's mind and enrich their overall experience.

What is "figurative language"?

figurative language

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melodramatic

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dime novel

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZGltZSBub3ZlbA&hash=8580025c361999d09760ca358979927e21c7838f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to fictionalize

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A backstory is the background information about a character or situation that precedes the events of the main narrative. It includes details about a character's past experiences, relationships, and circumstances that have shaped who they are and influenced their actions and motivations in the present story. Providing a backstory helps to deepen understanding and context, adding richness to the character's development and the overall plot.

What is a "backstory"?

backstory

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A ghostwriter is a professional writer hired to produce content on behalf of someone else, who is often credited as the author. Ghostwriters work behind the scenes to craft books, articles, speeches, or other written materials according to the client's ideas, voice, and instructions. Although the ghostwriter does the actual writing, the final work is published under the client's name. This arrangement is common for autobiographies, memoirs, and works where the credited author may lack the time or writing skills to produce the text themselves.

Who is a "ghostwriter"?

ghostwriter

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A glyph is a decorative symbol or character that is carved or inscribed onto a surface, often used in art and architecture. Glyphs can represent various meanings, such as ideas, sounds, or decorative patterns. They are commonly found in ancient writing systems, religious artifacts, and architectural decorations, often adding both aesthetic and cultural significance to the objects they adorn. The designs of glyphs can vary widely, ranging from simple shapes to intricate patterns, and they often reflect the artistic styles and traditions of the cultures that created them.

What is a "glyph"?

glyph

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Syntax refers to how words and phrases are organized to create grammatical sentences in a language. It includes the rules that dictate the arrangement of different parts of a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, and objects, to ensure that the intended meaning is clear. Proper syntax is important for effective communication, as it helps convey ideas accurately and understandably. Changes in syntax can also influence the style and tone of language, affecting how a message is perceived. Understanding syntax is crucial for language learners and anyone studying how languages work.

What is "syntax"?

syntax

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A dialect is a particular form of a language that is specific to a certain region or group of people, distinguished by unique vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Dialects can vary widely even within the same language, reflecting cultural and social differences. For instance, American English and British English are dialects of the English language, each with distinct words and phrases, such as "truck" in American English and "lorry" in British English. Understanding dialects is important for grasping the richness and diversity of language as it is used in different communities.

What is a "dialect"?

dialect

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Intonation refers to the variation in pitch while speaking, which helps convey meaning, emotion, and attitude. It involves the rise and fall of voice pitch over phrases and sentences, indicating whether a statement is a question, a command, or an expression of surprise, among other things. For example, in English, a rising intonation at the end of a sentence often suggests a question, while a falling intonation may indicate a statement or command. Intonation is important for effective communication, as it can change the intended meaning and help listeners interpret the speaker's emotions and intent.

What is "intonation"?

intonation

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An acronym is a type of abbreviation formed by taking the initial letters of a series of words and combining them into a new word that is pronounced as a single term. For example, "NASA" stands for "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", and "SCUBA" stands for "Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus". Acronyms are often used for convenience, making long names or phrases easier to say and remember. They are common in technical, governmental, and organizational contexts, helping to streamline communication by simplifying complex terms.

What is an "acronym"?

acronym

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initialism

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Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words. It looks at where a word came from, how its form and meaning have changed over time, and what languages it has passed through. For example, the word "ballet" comes from the French language, which borrowed it from Italian, and it originally came from a Latin word meaning "to dance". Etymology helps us understand the roots and evolution of words in different languages.

What is "etymology"?

etymology

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linguist

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mythology

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A chimera is a mythical creature from Greek mythology with a mixed form, typically described as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. In some versions, it may have additional features, such as wings or the ability to breathe fire. The chimera is often depicted as a fierce and terrifying beast, symbolizing a monstrous and chaotic force. The term "chimera" is also used more broadly to describe any creature or thing that is a blend of different elements or a wild and imaginative fantasy.

What is a "chimera"?

chimera

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basilisk

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=YmFzaWxpc2s&hash=ba0bb21beb9831bf3b2d56764d8c2dc4a0edae1f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

burlesque

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=YnVybGVzcXVl&hash=56c821723038e9c55a80b97b2e5aaf4934b8d458&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

Folklore refers to the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, and practices of a community or culture that are passed down through generations. It includes myths, legends, fairy tales, and rituals that reflect the values, history, and worldview of the people. Folklore is often shared orally or through cultural practices, and it helps to preserve and communicate the identity and heritage of a group.

What is "folklore"?

folklore

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custom

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y3VzdG9t&hash=40514851ea979e62042c6eeb89e1b48a7f47ade1&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

lore

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bG9yZQ&hash=9e0953bc1fe1a51eb542bec4e8e57199c85df434&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

An elegy is a poem that expresses sorrow, often written in response to the death of a person or the loss of something significant. Traditionally, elegies explore themes of grief, mourning, and the passage of time, providing a space for the poet to convey deep emotions and memories. This form can vary in structure, but it typically maintains a solemn and introspective tone. Elegies may also celebrate the life of the deceased, highlighting their virtues and the impact they had on others.

What is an "elegy"?

elegy

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heritage

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aGVyaXRhZ2U&hash=92ea0cf24423e45d58fb9b6f0f206d438e97a71e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

time-honored

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dGltZS1ob25vcmVk&hash=4d41b952468e69e3ec16b144254698d227a93770&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

subculture

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c3ViY3VsdHVyZQ&hash=5914a3a210ed7f8a3de5d196ddcf2fc098968ea8&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

rebirth

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cmViaXJ0aA&hash=12957eb232abbed66bfb82f2c4349ab3c48858d2&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

Here you will learn some English words related to literature and culture, such as "elegy", "satirical", "memoir", etc. that will help you ace your ACTs.

Anglická slova pro "Literatura a kultura" | ACT Slovní zásoba