Biology

culture

Podstatné jméno

/kʌl.ʧər/ or /kal.chēr/

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(pěstování)

kultivace

the process of growing cells, tissues, or organisms in an artificial environment with controlled conditions such as temperature, nutrients, and pH

metabolism

Podstatné jméno

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(výmetabolismus)

metabolismus

the chemical processes through which food is changed into energy for the body to use

specimen

Podstatné jméno

/spɛ.sə.mən/ or /spe.sē.mēn/

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(specimen)

vzorek

a small amount of something such as urine, blood, etc. that is taken for examination

strain

Podstatné jméno

/streɪn/ or /strein/

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(variant)

kmen

a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, typically within a species, that possesses distinct characteristics from other members of the same species

to excrete

sloveso

/ɪksk.rit/ or /iksk.rit/

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(vydávat)

vylučovat

to discharge waste products or substances from the body or cells into the environment, typically through urine, feces, or sweat

eukaryote

Podstatné jméno

/ju:.ka.rɪoʊt/ or /yoo.ka.riooot/

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(eukaryotická buňka)

eukaryot

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

meiosis

Podstatné jméno

/maɪoʊss/ or /maioooss/

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(meióza (typ dělení buněk))

meióza

a type of cell division that creates reproductive cells with half the usual number of chromosomes

mitosis

Podstatné jméno

/maɪ.toʊ.sɪs/ or /mai.tooo.sis/

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(dělení buněk)

mitóza

a type of cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

prophase

Podstatné jméno

/proʊ.feɪz/ or /prooo.feiz/

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(první fáze mitózy)

profáze

the initial phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves, preparing for cell division

metaphase

Podstatné jméno

/mɛ.tə.feɪz/ or /me.tē.feiz/

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(metafáze I)

metafáze

the stage of meiosis where homologous chromosomes align in pairs along the equator of the cell, preparing for their separation into haploid daughter cells

anaphase

Podstatné jméno

/æ.na.feɪz/ or /ā.na.feiz/

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(anofáze)

anafáze

the stage of cell division where sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

telophase

Podstatné jméno

/tɛ.lə.feɪz/ or /te.lē.feiz/

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(telofáze I)

telofáze

the last stage of meiosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform, and cells prepare to divide into daughter cells with half the original chromosome number

to biodegrade

sloveso

/baɪoʊ.dɪg.reɪd/ or /baiooo.dig.reid/

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(rozložit se biologickým procesem)

biologicky se rozkládat

to break down or decompose naturally by biological processes, typically through the action of microorganisms like bacteria or fungi

biometrics

Podstatné jméno

/baɪoʊ.mɛt.rɪks/ or /baiooo.met.riks/

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(biometrie)

biometrika

a branch of biology that employs statistical analysis to study and interpret biological phenomena and observations

mucus

Podstatné jméno

/mju.kəs/ or /myoo.kēs/

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(sekret)

hlen

a thick slimy substance produced by mucous membranes, inside the nose or the mouth, to lubricate and protect them

microbiology

Podstatné jméno

/maɪk.roʊ.baɪɑ.lə.ʤi/ or /maik.rooo.baiaa.lē.ji/

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(mikrobiologická věda)

mikrobiologie

the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their effects on living organisms

virion

Podstatné jméno

/vɪ.riən/ or /vi.riēn/

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(virální částice)

virion

a complete virus particle that includes genetic material wrapped in a protein coat, capable of infecting host cells to replicate

conditioning

Podstatné jméno

/kən.dɪ.ʃə.nɪng/ or /kēn.di.shē.ning/

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(kondicionování)

podmínění

the process of training or adapting behavior through repeated experiences or stimuli to produce specific responses or associations

anthropogenic

Přídavné jméno

/ænθ.rə.pə.ʤɛ.nɪk/ or /ānth.rē.pē.je.nik/

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(člověkem způsobené)

antropogenní

refering to processes, effects, or phenomena that are caused by human activity or influence

ecotourism

Podstatné jméno

/ɛ.koʊ.tʊ.rɪ.zəm/ or /e.kooo.too.ri.zēm/

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(ekologický cestovní ruch)

ekoturistika

tourism that includes visiting endangered natural environments which aims at preservation of the wildlife and the nature

motility

Podstatné jméno

/moʊ.tɪ.lɪ.ti/ or /mooo.ti.li.ti/

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(pohyblivost)

motilita

the ability of an organism or cell to move independently using specialized structures such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

protist

Podstatné jméno

/prɑ:.tɪst/ or /praa.tist/

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(jednobuněčný organismus)

protist

a single-celled organism that is neither a plant, animal, nor fungus, typically found in aquatic or moist environments

homologous

Přídavné jméno

/hɑ.mɑ.lə.gəs/ or /haa.maa.lē.gēs/

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(shodný)

homologní

reflecting a similarity in arrangement, type, or origin, particularly within the same species

bioluminescence

Podstatné jméno

/baɪoʊ.lu.mə.nɛs.əns/ or /baiooo.loo.mē.nes.ēns/

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(bioluminiscenční jev)

bioluminiscence

the light produced by by living organisms as a result of biochemical reactions, often used for communication, attracting prey, or camouflage

hydroid

Podstatné jméno

/haɪd.rɔɪd/ or /haid.rawid/

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(hydrosa)

hydroid

a small, plant-like aquatic organism belonging to the class Hydrozoa, often forming branching colonies

mycelium

Podstatné jméno

/maɪ.si:.liəm/ or /mai.si.liēm/

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(podhoubí)

mycelium

the network of thread-like structures that form the vegetative part of a fungus, typically growing underground or within a substrate

mutualist

Přídavné jméno

/mju:.ʧu:ə.lɪst/ or /myoo.chooē.list/

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(mutualistický)

vzájemnický

(of an organism) engaging in a symbiotic relationship where both participants benefit from the interaction

commensal

Přídavné jméno

/kə.mɛn.səl/ or /kē.men.sēl/

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(komensalní)

komensální

describing a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

to assimilate

sloveso

/ə.sɪ.mə.leɪt/ or /ē.si.mē.leit/

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(absorbovat)

asimilovat

(of organisms) to absorb and incorporate nutrients or substances from their environment into their own tissues or cells

spore

Podstatné jméno

/spɔr/ or /spawr/

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(pohlavní buňka)

spóra

a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, often adapted for survival in harsh conditions

biomass

Podstatné jméno

/baɪoʊ.mæs/ or /baiooo.mās/

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(biologická hmota)

biomasa

the entirety of living organisms in a specific area or ecosystem, typically measured as dry weight after removing water

taxonomic

Přídavné jméno

/tæk.sə.nɑ:.mɪk/ or /tāk.sē.naa.mik/

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(taksonomický)

taxonomický

related to how living things are categorized based on their similarities

petri dish

Podstatné jméno

/pˈɛtɹi dˈɪʃ/

(skleněná miska)

petriho miska

a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a lid, commonly used in laboratories to culture and study microorganisms

virulent

Přídavné jméno

/vɪ.rə.lənt/ or /vi.rē.lēnt/

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(patogenní)

virulentní

(of a disease) able to make one sick

decomposition

Podstatné jméno

/ˌdikəmpəˈzɪʃən/, /ˌdikəmpoʊˈzɪʃən/

(rozklad)

dekompozice

the natural process where bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem

substrate

Podstatné jméno

/səbs.treɪt/ or /sēbs.treit/

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(podklad)

substrát

the underlying surface or material where an organism attaches, grows, or feeds

ameba

Podstatné jméno

/eɪm.bə/ or /eim.bē/

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(améba)

ameba

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

physiologist

Podstatné jméno

/fɪ.ziɑ.lə.ʤɪst/ or /fi.ziaa.lē.jist/

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(vysokoškolský fyziolog)

fyziolog

a scientist who studies the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, often focusing on how biological systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels

genus

Podstatné jméno

/ʤi.nəs/ or /ji.nēs/

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(skupina)

rod

(biology) any of the groups that plants, animals, etc. with similar characteristics are divided into, which is larger than a species and smaller than a family