Nemoci a problémy reprodukčního systému

An imperforate hymen is a condition where the hymen, a thin layer of tissue that partially covers the opening of the vagina, completely blocks the vaginal opening. This condition is present at birth and can lead to symptoms such as abdominal or pelvic pain, difficulty urinating, or difficulty passing menstrual blood due to the blockage. It can also interfere with sexual intercourse, leading to pain or discomfort during attempted penetration. Treatment typically involves a minor surgical procedure called hymenotomy, where a small cut is made in the hymen to create an opening, allowing menstrual blood and other fluids to pass through.

Adenomyosis is a medical condition where the tissue that normally lines the uterus grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. This can cause the uterus to become enlarged, tender, and painful, especially during menstruation. Symptoms of adenomyosis may include heavy or prolonged menstrual bleeding, intense menstrual cramps, and pelvic pain. While the exact cause of adenomyosis is not fully understood, it may be related to hormonal changes or inflammation. Treatment options for adenomyosis include pain management with over-the-counter or prescription medications, hormonal therapies such as birth control pills or hormone-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs), and in severe cases, surgery to remove the affected tissue or the entire uterus.

Salpingitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the fallopian tubes, which are the tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. This inflammation is typically caused by a bacterial infection, often resulting from sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Salpingitis can lead to symptoms such as pelvic pain, fever, abnormal vaginal discharge, and pain during intercourse or urination. If left untreated, it can cause complications such as infertility or an ectopic pregnancy, where the fertilized egg attaches outside the uterus. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection, along with pain management medications as needed. In severe cases or if complications occur, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged tissue or address other issues. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent long-term complications and protect reproductive health.

An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg grows outside the uterus, typically in one of the fallopian tubes, which are the tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. This condition is a medical emergency because the fallopian tube is not designed to support the growth of a developing baby, and as it grows, it can cause the tube to burst, leading to severe abdominal pain and internal bleeding. Symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy may include pelvic pain, vaginal bleeding, shoulder pain, and dizziness or fainting. If left untreated, it can be life-threatening. Treatment for an ectopic pregnancy often involves medication to stop the growth of the fertilized egg and surgery to remove the pregnancy tissue, especially if the fallopian tube has burst. Early detection and quick medical actions are crucial to prevent complications and protect the woman's health and fertility.

An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that forms on or within the ovary. These sacs are common and often harmless, typically developing as a normal part of the menstrual cycle or due to hormonal changes. Most ovarian cysts do not cause symptoms and go away on their own without treatment. However, larger sacs or those that cause symptoms such as pelvic pain, bloating, or discomfort during intercourse may require medical attention. In some cases, ovarian cysts can burst or cause complications such as twisting of the ovary, which may require surgery. Treatment for ovarian cysts depends on their size, symptoms, and potential complications. Regular pelvic exams and ultrasound scans can help detect ovarian cysts and monitor them over time.

Epididymitis is a condition characterized by inflammation or infection of the epididymis, which is the twisted tube located at the back of the testicle that stores and carries sperm. It typically causes pain and swelling in the testicle area, along with symptoms such as redness, warmth, and tenderness. Epididymitis can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), urinary system infections, or injury to the genital area. Treatment for epididymitis usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection, along with pain management medications and actions to reduce swelling, such as rest and applying cold packs. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to drain fluid or remove damaged tissue.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) refers to the inability to achieve or maintain an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse. It can result from various factors, including physical conditions like diabetes, heart disease, or hormonal imbalances, as well as psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, or depression. ED can impact a person's self-esteem and relationships, but treatments are available to address underlying causes and improve sexual function. These may include medications, lifestyle changes, counseling, or medical procedures depending on individual circumstances.

Urethritis is a condition characterized by inflammation or infection of the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. It often causes symptoms such as pain or burning during urination, increased frequency of urination, and abnormal discharge from the urethra. Urethritis can be caused by various factors, including bacterial infections, viral infections, or irritation from certain substances. Treatment for urethritis typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection, along with measures to ease symptoms and prevent complications.

Cryptorchidism is a condition in which one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum, the sac that hangs below the penis. Normally, testicles develop within the abdomen during fetal development and usually descend into the scrotum before birth or shortly afterward. However, in cases of cryptorchidism, this descent does not occur. The condition is most commonly diagnosed in newborns or young infants. Treatment may involve hormone therapy or surgery to reposition the testicles into the scrotum, as undescended testicles have an increased risk of complications, including infertility and testicular cancer later in life. Early detection and treatment are crucial for optimal outcomes.

A hydrocele is a fluid-filled sac surrounding the testicle within the scrotum, the sac that hangs below the penis. It typically occurs when fluid gathers in the tissue surrounding the testicle, leading to swelling and enlargement of the scrotum. Hydroceles can vary in size and are usually painless. While they may occur at any age, they are more commonly found in newborns and older men. In infants, hydroceles often resolve on their own within the first year of life without treatment. However, in adults, treatment may be necessary if the hydrocele causes discomfort or grows significantly in size. Treatment options include observation, draining the fluid, or surgical removal of the hydrocele sac.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in older men where the prostate gland enlarges, pressing against the urethra and causing urinary problems. Symptoms can include frequent urination, difficulty starting urination, weak urine flow, and the feeling that the bladder is not fully emptied. BPH does not cause cancer, but it can significantly impact quality of life. Treatment options range from lifestyle changes and medications to surgical procedures, depending on the intensity of the symptoms.

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is an infection that spreads from one person to another through sexual contact. These infections can affect anyone who is sexually active and may cause symptoms like genital pain, discharge, itching, or pain during urination. Some common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and HPV. While some STDs can be cured with antibiotics or antiviral medications, others are lifelong conditions that require ongoing management. Using condoms during sexual activity and getting tested regularly can help prevent the spread of STDs and protect sexual health. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications and reduce the risk of passing the infection to others.

Endometriosis is a condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus, typically on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or other pelvic organs. This can cause pain, especially during menstrual periods, and may lead to infertility. The exact cause of endometriosis is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, hormonal, and immune factors. Treatment options for endometriosis include pain medication, hormone therapy to control the menstrual cycle, and surgery to remove the abnormal tissue. While there is no cure for endometriosis, symptoms can often be managed effectively with proper medical care.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum. It can be transmitted through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, or oral sex, as well as through sharing contaminated needles. Syphilis progresses in stages and can cause symptoms like painless lumps, called chancres, on the genitals, mouth, or rectum during the primary stage, followed by a rash, fever, and flu-like symptoms in the secondary stage. If left untreated, syphilis can progress to more serious stages, affecting the heart, brain, and other organs, leading to severe complications. However, syphilis is treatable with antibiotics, especially in its early stages. Regular STI testing and practicing safe sex are crucial for prevention.

A venereal disease, now commonly referred to as a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or sexually transmitted disease (STD), is an infection that spreads through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Common examples include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes, HPV, and HIV. Practicing safe sex, such as using condoms, and getting tested regularly if sexually active are essential for prevention and early detection.

A hot flash is a sudden, intense feeling of heat, often accompanied by sweating and flushing of the face and neck. It is a common symptom experienced by many women, particularly during menopause, but it can also occur due to other factors such as hormonal changes, certain medications, or medical conditions. Hot flashes can be uncomfortable and bothersome, but they typically resolve on their own after a few minutes. Various lifestyle changes and treatments, such as hormone therapy or medications, can help ease hot flashes for those who experience them frequently and severely.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the female reproductive organs, including the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It is typically caused by sexually transmitted bacteria such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, but other bacteria can also be involved. PID can lead to symptoms such as pelvic pain, abnormal vaginal discharge, painful urination, and fever. If left untreated, PID can cause serious complications, including infertility, ectopic pregnancy, where the fertilized egg attaches outside the uterus, and chronic pelvic pain. Treatment usually involves antibiotics to clear the infection, but in severe cases, hospitalization may be necessary. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent long-term complications.