Γενετικό και Προγεννητικό Τεστ

A protein molecule is a large, complex structure made up of one or more chains of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. Proteins perform a variety of functions within living organisms, including speeding up metabolic reactions, copying DNA, responding to signals, and transporting molecules. Each protein molecule has a unique shape and function, determined by the order of amino acids and the way the molecule folds into its three-dimensional form. Proteins are essential for the structure, function, and management of the body's tissues and organs.

A karyotype is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell, arranged in a standard format. This arrangement helps to see if there are any abnormalities in the number or structure of the chromosomes. The chromosomes are paired and arranged by size and shape, making it easier to study and identify any genetic issues or conditions. A karyotype can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, monitor changes in chromosome patterns, and understand the effects of genetic factors on certain diseases.

Amniocentesis is a medical procedure used during pregnancy to examine the fluid that surrounds the baby in the womb. This fluid, known as amniotic fluid, is contained within the amniotic sac, a protective layer. During the procedure, a thin needle is carefully inserted through the abdomen and into the amniotic sac to collect a small sample of the fluid. The fluid contains cells shed by the baby, which are then analyzed for genetic conditions or chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome. Amniocentesis is usually performed between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy and can provide important information about the baby's health, although it involves some risks, such as a small chance of miscarriage.

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is a test done during pregnancy to examine the genetic health of a developing baby. It involves taking a small sample of tissue from the placenta, which is the organ that provides nutrients and oxygen to the baby. This tissue, known as chorionic villi, contains the same genetic formation as the baby. During the procedure, a thin tube is inserted through the vagina and cervix or a needle is inserted through the abdomen to collect the tissue sample. The sample is then analyzed for genetic disorders or chromosomal abnormalities, such as Down syndrome. CVS is typically done between the 10th and 13th weeks of pregnancy and can provide early information about the baby's health, but it also involves some risks, including a small chance of miscarriage.

A sonogram is an image created using ultrasound technology, which uses sound waves to view the inside of the body. During a sonogram, extremely fast sound waves are sent into the body through a small device called a transducer. These sound waves bounce off internal tissues and organs, and the returning echoes are used to create a visual image on a monitor. Sonograms are commonly used during pregnancy to monitor the development of the baby, but they can also be used to examine other areas of the body, such as the heart, abdomen, or pelvic region, to evaluate and diagnose various conditions.