Κινήματα τέχνης: 19ος αιώνας

Academic art refers to a style of painting and sculpture that was popular from the 17th to the 19th centuries, guided by strict rules set by art institutions in Europe. These institutions, such as the Royal Academy in London or the Académie des Beaux-Arts in Paris, set formal guidelines for creating art, emphasizing classical techniques, perfected forms, and careful attention to detail. The purpose of academic art was to maintain traditional standards of beauty and technical skill, focusing on subjects like historical, mythological, or religious themes. This style often aimed to display skill and follow traditional artistic rules.

The Aesthetic Movement began in the late 19th century, mainly in Britain, and was led by figures such as Oscar Wilde and James Whistler. This movement emphasized "art for art's sake," meaning that art should be appreciated for its beauty and form rather than for any moral, political, or social message. Artists and designers involved in the Aesthetic Movement focused on creating works that were visually pleasing and well-crafted, often including delicate patterns and rich colors. Writers and poets in the movement also aimed to use beautiful and stylish language to create works valued for their beauty and style alone, not for any deeper meaning or lesson. Their goal was to emphasize art's ability to bring pleasure and increase the experience of beauty in everyday life.

The Barbizon School was an art movement that developed in France during the mid-19th century, named after the village of Barbizon where many of its artists lived. Main figures in the movement included Jean-François Millet, Théodore Rousseau, and Charles-François Daubigny. The Barbizon School focused on painting natural landscapes and scenes from the countryside in a realistic way, capturing the simplicity and beauty of everyday life in the countryside. The artists aimed to show the natural world with honesty and detail, moving away from the historical and mythological themes that were popular at that time. Their work influenced the development of later movements like Impressionism by emphasizing observation of nature and the effects of light.

The Arts and Crafts Movement began in the late 19th century in Britain, led by figures like William Morris and John Ruskin. This movement emphasized traditional techniques and the use of simple, natural materials. Artists and designers aimed to produce high-quality, handmade items that valued both function and beauty, often including detailed patterns and natural themes. The movement aimed to address the problems caused by industrialization by promoting handmade work and emphasizing the skills of individual artists, hoping to improve the quality of everyday objects and make art more accessible.

Biedermeier was a design and art movement that began in Central Europe, particularly in Germany and Austria, during the early 19th century. It developed in the period after the Napoleonic Wars and continued into the 1850s. The movement is characterized by its focus on simplicity, practicality, and a comfortable, everyday style. Furniture and rooms from the Biedermeier period often feature simple shapes, subtle elegance, and the use of quality wood with minimal decorations. The movement reflected a change toward everyday values, emphasizing comfort and usefulness in daily life.

Cloisonnism was an art movement that began in France in the late 19th century, led by artists like Émile Bernard and Louis Anquetin. It is characterized by the use of bold, solid colors separated by thick black outlines. The movement focused on creating clear, decorative designs with strong contrasts and simple forms, often inspired by medieval art and Japanese prints. Cloisonnism did not emphasize depth or dimension but instead aimed for a flat, two-dimensional effect. The goal of Cloisonnism was to achieve a more decorative and abstract approach to painting, emphasizing the patterns and colors rather than realistic detail.

German Romanticism was a cultural movement that began in the late 18th century and continued into the 19th century, influencing literature, art, and music in Germany. It emphasized emotion, imagination, and the beauty of nature. In literature, writers like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller focused on exploring deep feelings and personal experiences, emphasizing the power of the imagination. In art, painters such as Caspar David Friedrich used bold landscapes and rich colors to express intense emotions and the beauty of nature. In music, composers like Ludwig van Beethoven and Richard Wagner created works that conveyed powerful emotions in a personal style, aiming to create strong emotional responses and reflect the greatness of human experience.

The Heidelberg School was an Australian art movement that began in the late 19th century, based in the city of Heidelberg, near Melbourne. Main figures in the movement included Tom Roberts, Arthur Streeton, and Charles Conder. The Heidelberg School focused on representing the natural beauty of the Australian landscape in a realistic way, using bright colors and light to show outdoor scenes. The artists aimed to convey the unique qualities of the Australian environment and its light, rejecting the more formal and detailed styles of European art.

The Hudson River School was an American art movement that started in the early 19th century, based in the Hudson River Valley in New York. Main artists of the movement included Thomas Cole, Frederic Edwin Church, and Albert Bierstadt. The Hudson River School focused on painting large, bold landscapes that highlighted the beauty and impressive nature of the American scenery. The artists aimed to show the size and brilliance of the American landscape, using detailed and vibrant colors to emphasize its importance and greatness. Their work had a significant role in influencing the American view of its natural environment and promoting the idea of protecting natural areas.

The Hurufiyya movement, which began in the late 20th century, is an Islamic art movement that started in the Arab region. It was led by artists like Ibrahim el-Salahi and Hassan Sharif. The movement is known for using Arabic calligraphy as a main element in art, blending traditional writing with modern abstract forms. Hurufiyya artists focus on the visual and artistic aspects of Arabic letters, creating works that combine text with abstract design to explore spiritual and cultural themes. The movement aims to emphasize the beauty and importance of Arabic writing while exploring new approaches in contemporary art.

Jugendstil, which began in the late 19th century, was a European art movement that mainly started in Germany and Austria. It is known for its decorative style, which features flowing lines, detailed patterns, and natural forms inspired by nature. Main figures of this movement included artists like Gustav Klimt and architect Otto Wagner. Jugendstil focused on bringing art into everyday life by designing everything from furniture to buildings with a unified, elegant style. The movement aimed to create beauty in both art and functional objects, blending visual appeal with practical use.

Les Nabis was a French art movement that began in the late 19th century. The group, which included artists like Pierre Bonnard, Édouard Vuillard, and Maurice Denis, was known for its emphasis on color and symbolic themes. The name "Nabis" comes from the Hebrew word for "prophets," representing their aim to create art with deep meaning. Les Nabis focused on using bold colors and simple shapes to convey emotions and ideas rather than realistic details. Their work often included patterns and large areas of solid color, getting inspiration from symbolic art and Japanese prints. The movement aimed to blend artistic style with everyday life, making art a more personal and emotional experience.

Luminism was an American art movement that began in the mid-19th century, focusing on the effects of light and atmosphere in landscape painting. Main artists of the movement included Fitz Henry Lane and Martin Johnson Heade. Luminism is known for its detailed and peaceful representations of landscapes, using a specific technique to emphasize the effects of light and the subtle changes in the weather. Artists aimed to show the clear and calm quality of natural scenes, often emphasizing the shimmering effects of light on water and sky. This approach gave their paintings a sense of calm and depth, leading to a more realistic and thoughtful representation of nature.

The Macchiaioli was an Italian art movement that began in the mid-19th century, based in Tuscany. Main figures of the movement included Giovanni Fattori, Telemaco Signorini, and Silvestro Lega. The Macchiaioli is known for its focus on conveying the effects of light and color in outdoor scenes. They used bold, contrasting areas of color, known as "macchie" which means "spots" in Italian, to create a sense of liveliness and movement. This technique aimed to represent natural scenes in a lively, realistic way, often painting everyday life and landscapes. The movement had a significant role in shaping modern Italian painting by emphasizing observation and a natural style.

Mir Iskusstva, which means "World of Art" in Russian, was an art movement and magazine that began in the late 19th century in Russia. It was started by artists and thinkers including Alexandre Benois and Léon Bakst, with Sergei Diaghilev as one of its most important members. The movement aimed to bring back and promote Russian art and culture by including a wide range of artistic styles, from traditional Russian patterns and themes to modern European influences. Mir Iskusstva emphasized the importance of beauty, skill, and creativity in art, rejecting the strict realistic style and political themes that were common in Russian art at the time. The movement had an important role in shaping Russian modern art and influencing the development of new artistic ideas in Russia.

The Nazarene movement was an early 19th-century group of German artists who aimed to bring back the purity and spirituality of medieval and early Renaissance art. Started in 1809 by Johann Friedrich Overbeck and Franz Pforr, the movement was a reaction against the academic and classical styles of the time, which were focused on formal techniques and extremely perfect shapes. The Nazarene movement aimed to fill art with religious dedication and moral values, often getting inspiration from Christian themes and biblical stories. They emphasized simple, clear lines and going back to the styles and techniques of early masters like Giotto and Raphael. The movement had an important role in influencing later religious art and in encouraging a more spiritual approach to artistic creation.

Neo-Impressionism was an art movement that began in France in the late 19th century, inspired by Impressionism. Started by artists like Georges Seurat and Paul Signac, Neo-Impressionism focused on a more structured approach to color and light. Instead of using soft and quick brushstrokes, artists used small, individual dots or strokes of color, a technique known as Pointillism. This method aimed to create a more accurate and scientific understanding of color mixing and light. Neo-Impressionists were interested in how colors and light work together, aiming to achieve a more vivid and clear effect in their work while still reflecting the emotions of everyday scenes.

Orientalism was an art and literary movement that began in the 19th century in Europe, focusing on the representation of Eastern cultures, particularly those of the Middle East and Asia. This movement was characterized by European artists and writers representing these regions through their own interpretations, often emphasizing exotic, romantic, and sometimes stereotypical elements. Artists like Jean-Léon Gérôme and Eugène Delacroix painted scenes of Eastern architecture, costumes, and daily life, often with a sense of mystery and greatness. While Orientalism aimed to show the charm and beauty of these cultures, it was often criticized for its inaccuracies and for presenting a twisted view based on Western fantasies rather than true understanding.

Post-Impressionism was an art movement that began in France in the late 19th century, after Impressionism. Main figures of this movement included Vincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, and Georges Seurat. While Post-Impressionism also used vivid colors and light like Impressionism, artists in this movement aimed to go beyond its focus on reflecting the effects of a single moment. Instead, they aimed to express more personal emotions, abstract forms, and symbolic subjects. They experimented with different styles and techniques to show deeper meanings and individual interpretations, leading to a wide range of artistic styles that influenced many modern art movements.

The Pre-Raphaelites were an artistic and literary movement that began in England in the mid-19th century. Named after the Italian painter Raphael, the movement aimed to return to the art style before his influence, which they believed was more honest and detailed. Main figures of this movement included painters like Dante Gabriel Rossetti, William Holman Hunt, and John Everett Millais. The Pre-Raphaelites focused on creating works with vivid colors, detailed natural elements, and a strong sense of truth. They often got inspiration from medieval and early Renaissance themes, aiming to represent emotional and symbolic subjects in their art. In literature, the movement's writers used vivid imagery and detailed descriptions, similar to the visual style of the painters. Overall, the Pre-Raphaelites aimed to move away from the formal, overly perfect, and traditional styles of their time, bringing a new and intense approach to art and literature.

Romanticism was an artistic and literary movement that began in the late 18th century. It emphasized emotion, imagination, and the beauty of nature, often focusing on personal feelings and intense experiences. In literature, writers like William Wordsworth and Edgar Allan Poe explored deep emotions and the power of nature, creating works that emphasized uniqueness and the wonders of life. In art, painters like Francisco Goya and J.M.W. Turner used vivid colors and lively arrangements to express intense feelings and dramatic scenes. Romanticism aimed to move away from the strict rules and formal styles of earlier periods, focusing on personal interpretations and the emotional impact of art and literature.

Secession was an art movement that started in the late 19th century, mainly in Austria and Germany. It was a reaction against traditional art rules and styles. Artists in this movement aimed to create art that was different from usual methods and explored new, original approaches. Main figures included Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele, who used bold colors and unusual subjects to express personal and emotional themes. The artist of the secession movement aimed to represent modern art and design, reflecting a sense of independence and a desire to go beyond the limits of the norms of their time.

Synthetism was an art movement that began in the late 19th century, mainly in France. It was led by artists such as Gauguin and Bernard. The movement aimed to combine various elements from different styles to create a new, unified artistic approach. Synthetism emphasized the use of bold colors, simple shapes, and flat, two-dimensional forms to express emotions and ideas. Artists in this movement focused on combining the emotional impact of their subjects and a simpler, decorative style. They aimed to create art that was visually impressive and meaningful, using personal symbols and focusing on individual interpretation and artistic design.

Tonalism was an art movement that started in the late 19th century, mainly in the United States. It focused on creating a unified and balanced effect using a limited range of colors with subtle changes in their shades. Artists in this movement, such as James Whistler and George Inness, aimed to convey mood and feeling rather than detailed, realistic representations. They often painted landscapes and scenes with soft, muted colors to create a sense of calm and space. Tonalism aimed to emphasize the mood and feeling of a scene through its use of color and shades, creating a more balanced and emotionally powerful experience.

The Vienna Secession was an art movement that started in Vienna, Austria, in the late 19th century. It was led by artists who wanted to move away from traditional art styles and explore new, original approaches. Main figures if this movement included Gustav Klimt and Egon Schiele. The Vienna Secession focused on creating art that was original and different from the usual methods of the time. Artists used bold colors, unique designs, and modern themes to express their personal ideas. The movement aimed to promote artistic freedom and new ideas, challenging the old standards and leading to a new and lively approach to art.

Spiritualist art was an art movement that began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, focusing on expressing spiritual and supernatural themes. This movement was influenced by the growing interest in spirituality and the supernatural during this time. Artists aimed to go beyond the physical world and represent what cannot be seen or spiritual aspects of existence. They often used abstract forms, vibrant colors, and figurative, indirect images to convey emotions and spiritual experiences. Main figures of this movement included Hilma af Klint and Wassily Kandinsky, who aimed to create art that reflected personal experiences and spiritual ideas rather than just what can be seen in the world.