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Frostbite is a cold-weather injury that occurs when skin and underlying tissues freeze due to exposure to extreme cold temperatures. It commonly affects areas of the body that are exposed, such as the fingers, toes, nose, ears, and cheeks. Symptoms of frostbite include numbness, tingling, pain, and skin discoloration, typically white or grayish-yellow. In severe cases, the skin may become hard and waxy. Frostbite can lead to permanent damage and tissue loss if not treated quickly. Treatment involves rewarming the affected area slowly and gently, avoiding rubbing or massaging, and seeking medical attention if necessary. Prevention is essential, and measures such as dressing warmly, limiting exposure to cold temperatures, and keeping skin dry can help reduce the risk of frostbite.

Heatstroke is a serious condition that occurs when the body overheats leading to a breakdown in the body's ability to control its temperature. This can happen when someone spends too much time in hot environments or engages in intense physical activity without enough hydration and rest. Symptoms of heatstroke may include a high body temperature, confusion, dizziness, nausea, rapid heartbeat, and even loss of consciousness. Heatstroke is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention. Treatment typically involves cooling the body down quickly, such as by moving the person to a shaded or air-conditioned area, removing excess clothing, and applying cool water or ice packs to the skin. In serious cases, hospitalization and fluids given through a tube in a vein may be necessary to prevent complications such as organ damage or death. It is important to stay hydrated and take breaks in cooler places when it is hot to avoid heatstroke.