Ciencias Sociales

agency

Sustantivo

/eɪ.ʤən.si/ or /ei.jēn.si/

a

eɪ

g

ʤ

e

ə

n

n

c

s

y

i

(capacidad de acción)

agencia

the capacity or power of an individual or entity to take action, make decisions, and influence or control their environment or circumstances

clan

Sustantivo

/klæn/ or /klān/

c

k

l

l

a

æ

n

n

clan

a large group of people who are related to each other

chiefdom

Sustantivo

/ʧif.dəm/ or /chif.dēm/

ch

ʧ

ie

i

f

f

d

d

o

ə

m

m

(jefatura tribal)

jefatura

a form of sociopolitical organization in which a centralized authority governs a community or a collection of communities

collective

Sustantivo

/kə.lɛk.tɪv/ or /kē.lek.tiv/

c

k

o

ə

ll

l

e

ɛ

c

k

t

t

i

ɪ

v

v

e

(agrupación)

colectivo

a cooperative or united group of individuals, entities, or elements working together for a common purpose or interest

urbanization

Sustantivo

/ɜr.bə.nə.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /ēr.bē.nē.zei.shēn/

u

ɜ

r

r

b

b

a

ə

n

n

i

ə

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(urbanización de áreas rurales)

urbanización

the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

civilization

Sustantivo

/sɪ.və.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /si.vē.li.zei.shēn/

c

s

i

ɪ

v

v

i

ə

l

l

i

ɪ

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

civilización

a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

bureaucracy

Sustantivo

/bjʊ.rɑk.rə.si/ or /byoo.raak.rē.si/

b

b

u

jʊ

r

r

eau

ɑ

c

k

r

r

a

ə

c

s

y

i

(administración burocrática)

burocracia

an organizational structure characterized by strict procedures, rules, and regulations designed to manage complex tasks or activities efficiently

socialization

Sustantivo

/soʊ.ʃə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /sooo.shē.li.zei.shēn/

s

s

o

oʊ

c

ʃ

ia

ə

l

l

i

ɪ

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(sociabilización)

socialización

the process through which individuals within a society or group learn and internalize behavior patterns, norms, values, and customs through interactions, education, and social experiences

civil right

Sustantivo

/sˈɪvəl ɹˈaɪt/

(derechos civiles)

derecho civil

any of the basic freedoms or rights that protect individuals from unfair treatment and ensure equality under the law, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or other characteristics

status quo

Sustantivo

/stˈæɾəs kwˈoʊ/

statu quo

the situation or condition that is currently at hand

industrialization

Sustantivo

/ɪn.dəst.riə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /in.dēst.riē.li.zei.shēn/

i

ɪ

n

n

d

d

u

ə

s

s

t

t

r

r

ia

iə

l

l

i

ɪ

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(industrialismo)

industrialización

the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

aristocracy

Sustantivo

/ɛ.rəs.tɑk.rə.si/ or /e.rēs.taak.rē.si/

a

ɛ

r

r

i

ə

s

s

t

t

o

ɑ

c

k

r

r

a

ə

c

s

y

i

aristocracia

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

royalty

Sustantivo

/rɔɪəl.ti/ or /rawiēl.ti/

r

r

o

ɔ

y

ɪ

a

ə

l

l

t

t

y

i

(realeza)

familia real

kings and queens and any member of their families

infrastructure

Sustantivo

/ɪnf.rə.strək.ʧɜr/ or /inf.rē.strēk.chēr/

i

ɪ

n

n

f

f

r

r

a

ə

s

s

t

t

r

r

u

ə

c

k

t

ʧ

u

ɜ

r

r

e

infraestructura

the basic physical structures and systems that support and enable the functioning of a society or organization, such as roads and bridges

legitimacy

Sustantivo

/lə.ʤɪ.tə.mə.si/ or /lē.ji.tē.mē.si/

l

l

e

ə

g

ʤ

i

ɪ

t

t

i

ə

m

m

a

ə

c

s

y

i

(validez)

legitimidad

the state of being valid, justifiable, or morally acceptable

theory of mind

Sustantivo

/θˈiəɹi ʌv mˈaɪnd/

(teoría de la conciencia)

teoría de la mente

the understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives that are different from one's own

civil disobedience

Sustantivo

/sˈɪvəl dˌɪsoʊbˈiːdiəns/

(desobediencia pacífica)

desobediencia civil

the deliberate and nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government or authority, typically as a form of protest

nonconformity

Sustantivo

/ˌnɑnkənˈfɔɹməti/

(inconformidad)

no conformidad

the behavior or attitude that does not follow established norms, conventions, or expectations within a society or group

outcast

Sustantivo

/aʊt.kæst/ or /aoot.kāst/

o

a

u

ʊ

t

t

c

k

a

æ

s

s

t

t

(excluido)

marginado

a person who has been rejected or excluded from a social group or society, often due to their behavior, beliefs, or social status

refugee

Sustantivo

/rɛ.fju.ʤi/ or /re.fyoo.ji/

r

r

e

ɛ

f

f

u

ju

g

ʤ

ee

i

refugiado

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

commune

Sustantivo

/kɑ.mjun/ or /kaa.myoon/

c

k

o

ɑ

mm

m

u

ju

n

n

e

(municipio)

comuna

a local administrative unit in certain countries, functioning as the smallest division of government

parish

Sustantivo

/pæ.rɪʃ/ or /pā.rish/

p

p

a

æ

r

r

i

ɪ

sh

ʃ

feligresía

an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

caste

Sustantivo

/kæst/ or /kāst/

c

k

a

æ

s

s

t

t

e

casta

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

echelon

Sustantivo

/ɛ.ʃə.lɑn/ or /e.shē.laan/

e

ɛ

ch

ʃ

e

ə

l

l

o

ɑ

n

n

(estrato)

escalón

a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society, indicating a person's status or authority within that hierarchy

station

Sustantivo

/steɪ.ʃən/ or /stei.shēn/

s

s

t

t

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(posición)

estatus

a person's social rank or position within a structured hierarchy or society

classist

Adjetivo

/klæ.sɪst/ or /klā.sist/

c

k

l

l

a

æ

ss

s

i

ɪ

s

s

t

t

(de clase)

clasista

marked by discrimination against or prejudice toward individuals or groups based on their social class

humble

Adjetivo

/həm.bəl/ or /hēm.bēl/

h

h

u

ə

m

m

b

b

ə

l

l

e

(modesto)

humilde

having a low social rank or position, often characterized by modesty

socioeconomic

Adjetivo

/soʊ.sioʊɛk.nɑ.mɪk/ or /sooo.sioooek.naa.mik/

s

s

o

oʊ

c

s

ioe

ioʊɛ

c

k

o

n

n

o

ɑ

m

m

i

ɪ

c

k

(socioeconómica)

socioeconómico

referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

indigenous

Adjetivo

/ɪn.dɪ.ʤə.nəs/ or /in.di.jē.nēs/

i

ɪ

n

n

d

d

i

ɪ

g

ʤ

e

ə

n

n

ou

ə

s

s

(nativo)

indígena

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

humanitarian

Adjetivo

/hju.mæ.nə.tɛ.riən/ or /hyoo.mā.nē.te.riēn/

h

h

u

ju

m

m

a

æ

n

n

i

ə

t

t

a

ɛ

r

r

ia

iə

n

n

humanitario

involved in or related to helping people who are in need to improve their living conditions

cosmopolitan

Adjetivo

/kɑz.mə.pɑ.lə.tən/ or /kaaz.mē.paa.lē.tēn/

c

k

o

ɑ

s

z

m

m

o

ə

p

p

o

ɑ

l

l

i

ə

t

t

a

ə

n

n

cosmopolita

including a wide range of people with different nationalities and cultures

utopian

Adjetivo

/ju.toʊ.piən/ or /yoo.tooo.piēn/

u

ju

t

t

o

oʊ

p

p

ia

iə

n

n

utópico

referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

progressive

Adjetivo

/prəg.rɛ.sɪv/ or /prēg.re.siv/

p

p

r

r

o

ə

g

g

r

r

e

ɛ

ss

s

i

ɪ

v

v

e

(reformista)

progresista

advocating for social, political, or economic reform and improvement

militant

Adjetivo

/mɪ.lə.tənt/ or /mi.lē.tēnt/

m

m

i

ɪ

l

l

i

ə

t

t

a

ə

n

n

t

t

militante

displaying violent acts for the sake of a social or political aim

to census

Verbo

/sɛn.səs/ or /sen.sēs/

c

s

e

ɛ

n

n

s

s

u

ə

s

s

censar

to systematically collect and record demographic data about a population

to assimilate

Verbo

/ə.sɪ.mə.leɪt/ or /ē.si.mē.leit/

a

ə

ss

s

i

ɪ

m

m

i

ə

l

l

a

eɪ

t

t

e

(integrar)

asimilar

to integrate into a new environment, often by adopting its language, norms, values, and practices