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Dada was a movement that began in the early 20th century, during World War I, as a reaction against the horrors and irrationality of the war. It started in Zurich, Switzerland, and quickly spread to cities like Berlin, Paris, and New York. Dada was characterized by its rejection of traditional art, literature, music, and cinema, instead welcoming randomness, silliness, and a dislike for traditional values. Artists, writers, and musicians associated with Dada, such as Marcel Duchamp, Tristan Tzara, and Hans Arp, created works that intentionally made no sense, challenging the traditional ideas of art and culture. In literature, those associated with Dada used random words and sounds to create unusual poetry. In visual art, they made use of mixed media, combining different materials and images, and turning everyday objects into art pieces. The movement aimed to shock and disturb, questioning the very nature of art and society.

Expressionism was a movement that began in the early 20th century, mainly in Germany, and influenced art, music, and literature. It focused on conveying emotional experiences and inner feelings rather than realistic representations. In art, artists like Edvard Munch and Egon Schiele used bold colors and twisted forms to express intense emotions. In music, composers like Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg created works with harsh sounds and unusual structures to create strong emotional responses. In literature, writers such as Franz Kafka and Rainer Maria Rilke explored themes of anxiety and isolation through new and often broken narrative styles. The movement aimed to show the personal and psychological experiences of modern life, focusing on emotional impact over realistic representation.

Impressionism was an art movement that began in France in the late 19th century. Main figures of the movement included Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Impressionism is known for its focus on showing the effects of light and color in everyday scenes. Artists used quick and soft brushstrokes and bright, unmixed colors to create a sense of liveliness and movement, often painting outdoor scenes to show natural light. The goal was to show how a scene felt in that moment rather than detailed or realistic representations. Impressionism changed the way people viewed art by emphasizing how light and color affect the senses.

Minimalism is an artistic style that emphasizes simplicity by using only the most basic elements. In art, music, or design, minimalism involves using few colors, shapes, or sounds to create a sense of clarity and calm. The focus is on removing unnecessary details to highlight the core ideas and forms.

Naturalism was a literary and artistic movement that began in the late 19th century, based on the ideas of realism, which aimed to represent life accurately and truthfully without making it seem more desirable than it is. Naturalism went beyond realism by focusing even more on showing life as it is. In literature, writers like Émile Zola and Theodore Dreiser aimed to show characters and situations with accurate, often harsh detail, emphasizing the influence of environment, family traits, and social conditions on human behavior. In art, painters like Jules Bastien-Lepage and Anders Zorn showed everyday scenes and ordinary people with a high degree of detail and accuracy, aiming to reflect the true nature of life without making it seem appealing. Naturalism aimed to show a more scientific and objective view of life, often emphasizing the harsh or dark aspects of existence.

Composition refers to the way people and objects are arranged within a painting or picture. It involves organizing elements to create a balanced, harmonious, and interesting visual experience. Effective composition guides the viewer's eye, emphasizes important areas, and helps convey the intended message or mood of the artwork.

A mural is a large painting or artwork that is created directly on a wall, ceiling, or other large surface. Murals can be found in both indoor and outdoor spaces and are often used to decorate public or private areas. They can be made using various techniques, such as painting, tiling, or even applied materials, and can range from realistic scenes and portraits to abstract designs. Murals are used to convey messages, tell stories, or simply make a space beautiful, making them a popular choice for artists aiming to make a big visual impact.

A diptych is a type of artwork, often a painting or engraving, created on two separate panels of wood or other materials that are intended to be viewed together. These panels are typically connected by hinges, allowing them to open and close like a book. Each panel can stand alone as an individual piece, but when placed side by side, they form a unified image or theme. Diptychs are often used to tell a story, show contrasting or complementary images, or create a more complex visual experience. Historically, diptychs were commonly used as decorative pieces in churches, where they could be opened to display religious scenes and closed for protection.

An easel is a stand or frame used to hold and support a canvas or drawing surface while an artist works on it. It allows for easy adjustment of the canvas's angle and height, providing comfort and a better view during painting or drawing. Easels come in various styles and sizes, including tabletop, studio, and portable versions, making them suitable for different types of artwork and working environments.

Tempera is a type of paint made by mixing pigments with a substance that dissolves in water, such as egg yolk or a plant-based material. It is known for its quick-drying qualities and matte finish. Tempera paint is often used for detailed artwork and can be applied to surfaces like paper, wood, or canvas. Historically, it was widely used in classical painting before the development of oil paints.

A connoisseur is someone who has a deep understanding and appreciation for a particular field, especially in areas like art, food, wine, or music. They have a lot of knowledge that allows them to recognize quality, style, and genuineness, often being able to notice differences that others may not. Connoisseurs usually develop their preferences through experience, education, and exposure to various works or products, allowing them to make good decisions. Their opinions are often valued, as they can guide others in making decisions, whether it is selecting a good wine, appreciating a work of art, or enjoying high quality food.

A conservator is a person or organization responsible for protecting and repairing artworks, historical items, and other valuable objects. They work to prevent damage and restore items to their original condition, using techniques that are safe and can be undone if needed. Conservators often specialize in particular types of objects, such as paintings, textiles, or sculptures, and must have a thorough understanding of materials, techniques, and history to ensure their work is accurate and effective. Their goal is to maintain the quality and lifespan of cultural and artistic history for future generations to appreciate.