https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=b2Zm&hash=cd89ea18e524401cd997da742cd63c82b637d576&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

mountainous

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bW91bnRhaW5vdXM&hash=d624cdf3aa5439877a477ba308756d0dda051b99&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

steep

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c3RlZXA&hash=5fa99ce294496ce026e6dbbf210c0dd2e04e915a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

rocky

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cm9ja3k&hash=c3d21ce9fb6e0e7ab1fda3b085174557cb8b1be3&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

slope

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c2xvcGU&hash=b05fb7ad5751d179b8ca5eca2e490525937a3b73&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

wooded

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=d29vZGVk&hash=d8be0098d88f4dc48b6ea3606a1da207bc074b69&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

ravine

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cmF2aW5l&hash=8b7033be91ec3dee05cb899e04af011b730e0547&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

whistle

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=d2hpc3RsZQ&hash=b1af5e77e0495e2f650650fd07a7d2bbb78a5fbf&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

means

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bWVhbnM&hash=63c894d57f266804f8a9f7b4a9aede0ca563e67a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to transmit

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gdHJhbnNtaXQ&hash=31eded1391833e6e1bc351ce9524104d70e0b755&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

terrain

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dGVycmFpbg&hash=779ef700fd93dd2055603ccc224b9e819b860771&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

The idiom "shed light on something" comes from the literal act of illuminating something to make it visible or clearer. Historically, before the advent of electric lighting, people used candles, lanterns, or other sources of light to see in the dark. This practical need to illuminate objects and surroundings naturally extended into metaphorical use. Thus, "shedding light" on a subject came to mean providing insight or clarity, helping to understand or reveal information that was previously obscure or hidden.

What is the origin of the idiom "shed light on something" and when to use it?

to [shed] light on {sth}

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gc2hlZCBsaWdodCBvbiBzb21ldGhpbmc&hash=56a876a1a92d22fb126933a715c40730228fe04b&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to associate

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gYXNzb2NpYXRl&hash=a63038a48fad321e01d316b017c27ec30917ecdb&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

remarkably

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cmVtYXJrYWJseQ&hash=690c76cbfa1364713cc9f81ce3e6fbdf34789ac8&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

flexible

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZmxleGlibGU&hash=d5a861cbac12547eb4a3f80fd5ac43351f95f4d1&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to interpret

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gaW50ZXJwcmV0&hash=7e166b9098a5a13c41762e79cb45541240392e96&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

scope

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c2NvcGU&hash=0fd033e02458139d0020ac8be0d99e686428d74d&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to recognize

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gcmVjb2duaXpl&hash=47f03d2562721358dfb1a86d8d4cdcde0215945e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

A co-author is a person who collaborates with one or more individuals to write a book, article, or other written work. Co-authors share responsibilities for creating the content, contributing their expertise, and revising the manuscript. They work together to develop ideas, conduct research, and finalize the text. The credit for the work is typically shared among all co-authors, reflecting their joint efforts in producing the final publication.

Who is a "co-author"?

co-author

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y28tYXV0aG9y&hash=0682e30591e51d537ca4b520d241f6483dc9b8cc&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

associate professor

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=YXNzb2NpYXRlIHByb2Zlc3Nvcg&hash=18304b789b924ca126a414d6d6aecea94bd2e2fd&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

substitute

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c3Vic3RpdHV0ZQ&hash=5160ffd3a0464813d67d114e79be2e9aa3c1a97f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

individual

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aW5kaXZpZHVhbA&hash=3952a8381d0e4c753e699396adee17df77d9a420&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

Frequency refers to the number of times a wave or signal repeats in a given period, typically measured in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz). In the context of radio, television, or other electromagnetic waves, frequency determines the type of wave and its ability to carry data. For example, higher frequencies, like those in the gigahertz range, are used for things like Wi-Fi and mobile networks, while lower frequencies are often used for AM and FM radio. The frequency of a signal impacts its range, clarity, and how it interacts with the environment.

What is "frequency"?

frequency

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZnJlcXVlbmN5&hash=f58e89ca7188b257f1aa61cf3ced77c3a41f960e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

Tone in music refers to the quality or character of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds. It encompasses aspects such as pitch, timbre, and volume. Tone helps define how a note or sound is perceived, whether it is bright, warm, harsh, or smooth. It is influenced by the instrument or voice producing the sound and how it is played or sung. Tone contributes to the overall mood and expression of the music.

What is "tone"?

tone

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG9uZQ&hash=71867a82fe1b9f8a2968dc3b3c04b48da1b987e8&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

Pitch refers to the degree of highness or lowness of a sound, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves that produce it. Higher frequencies result in higher pitches, while lower frequencies produce lower pitches. For example, a whistle has a high pitch due to its rapid vibrations, whereas a bass drum produces a low pitch because of slower vibrations. Pitch plays a crucial role in music and language, as it helps convey meaning, emotion, and musical notes, contributing to the overall experience of sound.

What is "pitch"?

pitch

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cGl0Y2g&hash=b06ddf512393eca96628ccbb42e9caea64b8488d&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to cup

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gY3Vw&hash=5d95a9d52dcba44172fdb1ca5a6e25886fb92922&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to adjust

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gYWRqdXN0&hash=27cf9204a60999434b3559b84d229f341aed35ed&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

direction

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZGlyZWN0aW9u&hash=eca051a650afa5bc3726bdb12d46553fff6c4af7&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

ambiguity

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=YW1iaWd1aXR5&hash=367406dfad837339ba404284000042944537a246&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to distinguish

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gZGlzdGluZ3Vpc2g&hash=22cf58805655bfe265a6f3169f852a52019e6c10&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

repetition

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cmVwZXRpdGlvbg&hash=5b0d968d604a4466c98e6626f256073774d132d5&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

context

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y29udGV4dA&hash=1986b7c53703a7095905853bce5542dbea2892f2&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to [make] {oneself} understood

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gbWFrZSBvbmVzZWxmIHVuZGVyc3Rvb2Q&hash=0c26d70b22e324fd82147898e73bb209edff30c7&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

shepherd

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c2hlcGhlcmQ&hash=ba3aa6400589a00595dc262f090a86c66f58e164&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

folk

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Zm9saw&hash=316b2b94b921cf419e39be9d14f22e9fa7b5b416&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

novel

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bm92ZWw&hash=fd554627b77aca1231431af2a3f661db86770fd2&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

up to

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dXAgdG8&hash=ae2dad608b6bbb4361f727c767ef6847972c755e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dmlh&hash=36fa1d200b2ee1973ee7df2be035fa0b69d7418e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

command

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y29tbWFuZA&hash=7e72f093ea86aa94dbd2bd42db8466bacdc8c28b&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

neuroimaging

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bmV1cm9pbWFnaW5n&hash=9129aab63274bc06406246e677f29a0dbda99d0f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to contrast

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gY29udHJhc3Q&hash=ceff1637bb465f3d6636a9ae0395d5b1cdae8648&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

The temporal lobe, located on the side of the brain, is involved in various functions including auditory processing, memory consolidation, language comprehension, and emotional responses. It plays a key role in interpreting sounds, understanding spoken language, and forming new memories. Additionally, the temporal lobe contributes to the recognition of faces and the perception of visual stimuli.

What is "temporal lobe"?

temporal lobe

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dGVtcG9yYWwgbG9iZQ&hash=a2d95a8cd3d3305bd0ffa06cc203b0673f627e82&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

The frontal lobe is a major division of the brain located at the front of the cerebral cortex. It plays a crucial role in various cognitive functions, including decision-making, problem-solving, planning, and motor control. The frontal lobe also contributes to personality, emotions, and social behavior, making it an essential component of our overall cognitive and behavioral functioning.

What is "frontal lobe"?

frontal lobe

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZnJvbnRhbCBsb2Jl&hash=eaea1d1e32a5fd51291e8e2d236368bd51b39a46&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to respond

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gcmVzcG9uZA&hash=628c6c8d54f046aa8374537a3cc2b9aa6e862700&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

in response to

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aW4gcmVzcG9uc2UgdG8&hash=5502acfe9ecc91ea64a612fb41686b5a00d7b84c&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

capacity

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y2FwYWNpdHk&hash=f53c02e68a8cc1c33bda296d2ca13a9c40baa327&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

left hemisphere

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bGVmdCBoZW1pc3BoZXJl&hash=02177a19fb52df697a03841c82cf26bfe1a90495&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

independent

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aW5kZXBlbmRlbnQ&hash=d0b07fd80e5478299c673097e903e25d35e2bf01&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

Modality in linguistics refers to the way speakers express attitudes, possibilities, necessities, or obligations regarding an action or situation. It is often conveyed through modal verbs such as "can," "must," or "should." For example, "She can go" expresses possibility, while "She must go" indicates necessity. Modality allows speakers to communicate their stance on the likelihood, desirability, or obligation of events, adding layers of meaning to sentences. It is essential in shaping how actions or situations are understood, giving flexibility and nuance to language.

What is "modality"?

modality

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bW9kYWxpdHk&hash=e9c9a99dc576abd6a2148863216be53307432630&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

origin

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=b3JpZ2lu&hash=0827d36f8cbb0c5fd378e73b89ed0a602d0b4916&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

obscure

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=b2JzY3VyZQ&hash=0b93cd5c12fe4b9304b4aeacd7059d90d9296e01&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

indigenous

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aW5kaWdlbm91cw&hash=3fd9b5c859914680a340d2ff9f12f7695f67d98c&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to conquer

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gY29ucXVlcg&hash=7d7058609fd0adc918b47a6d4edf5019182aab04&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

pocket

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cG9ja2V0&hash=59d8d9fc8fee39d87a2c439229bf1911a211c098&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

isolated

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aXNvbGF0ZWQ&hash=9d6c61de818eaf4ccc5bcc8b2a831ced2a7f4b1c&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to threaten

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gdGhyZWF0ZW4&hash=5a6bccc183bfd6e293695b3edda6a63b79b23cce&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

extinction

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZXh0aW5jdGlvbg&hash=fcbe2a67e8c85b6e3c9090753086f458a3cad3e9&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

dwindling

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZHdpbmRsaW5n&hash=824beffab2d40c93b3c78db7f75eadbba863660e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

islander

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aXNsYW5kZXI&hash=8a7e5608ff8f8bec24ed5259afdf8cd17a4ca02b&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to [take] a step

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gdGFrZSBhIHN0ZXA&hash=11a0b73019ad0fde9dc0bf23fa80bf2839883f78&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

Elementary school refers to the first stage of formal education, typically covering grades 1 through 5 or 6, depending on the country. It provides a foundational education for children, usually between the ages of 6 and 11. During this period, students learn core subjects such as reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies. Elementary school focuses not only on academic knowledge but also on developing social skills, emotional growth, and basic problem-solving abilities. It is the beginning of the school system, designed to prepare children for higher levels of education in middle and high schools.

What is "elementary school"?

elementary school

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZWxlbWVudGFyeSBzY2hvb2w&hash=0f198ed3f9d621c85c74325e876f99ef42fb0065&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to declare

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gZGVjbGFyZQ&hash=fdbaefcd2cd58e9a6cde7a9012a9ee8ba61ef46a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to preserve

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gcHJlc2VydmU&hash=5cb51d131538ab3a974aa7413a57abb566e1ed72&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

under threat

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dW5kZXIgdGhyZWF0&hash=bab86eb09a6203f55960044924607fb248640579&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

Here you can find the vocabulary from Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2 in the Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic coursebook, to help you prepare for your IELTS exam.

آزمون 4 - خواندن - متن 2

کمبریج IELTS 15 - آکادمیک "آزمون 4 - خواندن - متن 2" واژگان

IELTS 15 - Academic | Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2

Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2

Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic "Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2" Vocabulary