ساخت‌وساز

Bricklaying is the process or occupation of building structures using bricks, which are small rectangular blocks made from clay or other materials. This trade involves arranging bricks in specific patterns and securing them with mortar, a mixture of cement, sand, and water, to create walls, pathways, and other structures. Skilled bricklayers must ensure that bricks are level, straight, and properly aligned to maintain the strength and stability of the construction. Bricklaying is an important part of masonry work, and it requires knowledge of various techniques, tools, and safety practices to create durable and visually appealing structures.

In the context of construction, erection refers to the process of assembling and raising structures, such as buildings, bridges, or other frameworks, on-site. This involves the installation of various components, including beams, columns, and trusses, to create the final structure. The erection process requires careful planning and coordination, often utilizing cranes and other machinery to lift heavy materials into place. Safety is a critical consideration during erection, as workers must follow strict guidelines to ensure the stability of the structure and the safety of those involved. Overall, erection is a key phase in construction that brings designs to life.

A foundation is the lower part of a building that provides support and stability, transferring the weight of the structure to the ground. It is typically made of concrete, masonry, or stone and is designed to prevent settling or shifting that could damage the building. Foundations come in various types, such as shallow foundations, which are placed close to the surface, and deep foundations, which extend deeper into the ground for added stability. The design and construction of a foundation are crucial for ensuring the safety and longevity of a building, as it serves as the base that holds everything above it.

Facing refers to the outer layer or finish of a wall or structure, which is often applied for aesthetic or protective purposes. It can be made from various materials, such as brick, stone, or decorative concrete, and is designed to enhance the appearance of the building while also providing durability and weather resistance. Facing is commonly used in both residential and commercial construction to improve the visual appeal and character of a structure. In addition to its decorative function, facing can also help insulate the building and protect it from the elements, contributing to its overall performance and longevity.

A hod is a tool commonly used in construction and masonry for transporting materials like bricks, mortar, or tiles. It typically consists of a rectangular, open container mounted on a long handle, allowing workers to carry the load more easily. The design of a hod makes it convenient for lifting and pouring materials, especially in tight spaces or when working at heights. Hods are often made from wood or metal and are valued for their practicality in helping laborers efficiently manage heavy or bulky items during construction tasks.

Masonry is a construction method that involves building structures using individual units, such as bricks, stones, or concrete blocks, which are held together with mortar. This technique has been used for centuries and is valued for its durability and strength, making it suitable for various types of buildings, including walls, foundations, and arches. Masonry can be designed in different styles, from simple to intricate patterns, allowing for aesthetic versatility. Additionally, masonry structures are often resistant to weather, fire, and pests, contributing to their longevity and stability over time.

Planning permission is an official approval required before beginning construction or making significant changes to a building or land. It is granted by local authorities to ensure that proposed projects comply with zoning laws, building codes, and environmental regulations. The application process often involves submitting detailed plans and documents outlining the intended work, which are then reviewed by the relevant authorities. Obtaining planning permission helps ensure that developments are appropriate for the area and do not negatively impact the community or the environment. It is an essential step in the construction process for both residential and commercial projects.

Reconstruction is the process of rebuilding or restoring a structure, area, or system that has been damaged, destroyed, or altered. This can involve repairing existing elements, replacing materials, or creating new designs to restore the original appearance or functionality. Reconstruction is often necessary after events such as natural disasters, fires, or wars, where significant damage occurs. The goal of reconstruction is not only to repair but also to improve the resilience and safety of the rebuilt structure or area, ensuring it can withstand future challenges. This process can be complex and may require careful planning, coordination, and adherence to building codes and regulations.

In the context of construction, a skeleton refers to the basic framework or structural support of a building or structure. It consists of the essential elements, such as beams, columns, and floors, that define the shape and stability of the entire project. The skeleton serves as the foundation for additional components like walls, roofs, and finishes. This type of construction approach allows for flexibility in design and can simplify the building process by focusing on the essential structural elements first. The skeleton is critical for ensuring that the building can withstand loads and provide safety for its occupants.

A substructure is the portion of a building or structure that is located below the ground level, providing support and stability for the above-ground components. It typically includes elements such as foundations, basements, and footings, which transfer the weight of the structure to the soil or bedrock below. The design of the substructure is crucial for ensuring that the building can withstand various loads, including weight, pressure, and environmental forces. Proper construction of the substructure helps prevent settling, shifting, or other structural issues, making it an essential aspect of any construction project.

Pointing refers to the finishing process applied to the joints between bricks or stones in masonry construction. It involves filling and smoothing the mortar that fills the gaps, ensuring a clean and neat appearance while also providing protection against water infiltration and weather damage. Pointing can enhance the aesthetic quality of a wall by highlighting the patterns and textures of the masonry. This process can be performed using different techniques and styles, depending on the desired look and the specific requirements of the structure. Proper pointing is important for maintaining the integrity and longevity of masonry work.

A tensile structure is a type of building or architectural design that relies on tension to support its shape and resist external forces. These structures typically use flexible materials, such as fabric, cables, or membranes, which are pulled tight to create a stable form. The design allows for large spans and open spaces without the need for extensive internal supports. Tensile structures are often lightweight, aesthetically appealing, and can be used in various applications, including stadiums, pavilions, and temporary installations. Their ability to adapt to different shapes and environments makes them popular in modern architecture.

A tie rod is a structural element used in construction to provide tension and support to a framework. It is typically a long, slender metal rod that connects two parts of a structure, helping to prevent them from moving apart under stress. Tie rods are commonly used in various applications, such as in roofs, bridges, and other frameworks, where they help stabilize and distribute loads. By transferring forces and maintaining the alignment of structural components, tie rods play a crucial role in ensuring the overall safety and integrity of the structure. They can be designed in different lengths and materials to meet specific engineering requirements.

A cantilever is a structural element that is supported at one end while extending horizontally beyond that support, creating an overhanging section. This design allows the cantilever to carry loads without additional support beneath it, making it useful for various applications, such as balconies, bridges, and roofs. Cantilevers rely on careful engineering to ensure stability and strength, as the unsupported portion experiences tension and bending forces. This innovative approach can create open spaces and unique architectural designs while effectively distributing weight to the supported end. Proper design and construction are essential to ensure the safety and functionality of cantilevered structures.

A girder is a large, horizontal structural beam used in construction to support heavy loads and provide stability to a building or bridge. Typically made from steel, concrete, or wood, girders are crucial for transferring weight from the roof, floors, or other structural elements down to the columns or supports below. They are often placed at regular intervals within a framework to create a strong and secure foundation for additional construction. Girders can vary in size and shape, depending on the specific engineering requirements, and play an essential role in ensuring the overall strength and safety of a structure.

Woodwork refers to the craft and practice of shaping, constructing, and finishing items made from wood. This can include a wide range of projects, such as furniture, cabinets, flooring, and decorative items. Woodwork involves various techniques and tools, such as cutting, sanding, and joining, to create functional and aesthetically pleasing pieces. Skilled woodworkers often combine traditional methods with modern technology to achieve precision and creativity in their work. Woodwork can be a form of art as well as a practical trade, with the final products often showcasing the natural beauty of the wood and the craftsmanship involved.

A panel is a flat or slightly elevated piece of material, such as wood, metal, or plastic, used for various purposes in construction and design. It can serve as a covering for walls, ceilings, or floors, as well as a divider between spaces or a decorative element in furniture. Panels are often installed in sections and can vary in size and style to suit different applications. Their versatility makes them popular for enhancing aesthetics, providing insulation, or creating functional spaces in both residential and commercial settings.

Insulation is the process of placing materials within walls, ceilings, and floors to reduce the transfer of heat, sound, or electricity. This act helps maintain comfortable indoor temperatures by preventing heat loss in winter and heat gain in summer, leading to energy efficiency in buildings. Insulation materials can include fiberglass, foam, cellulose, or reflective barriers, each chosen based on the specific needs of the structure. Proper insulation also contributes to noise reduction, making spaces quieter, and can help protect against moisture and condensation. Overall, insulation is essential for improving comfort and lowering energy costs in homes and buildings.

A slender member refers to a structural component that has a long and narrow shape, typically characterized by its length being much greater than its cross-sectional dimensions. These members are often used in construction to support loads while minimizing weight and material use. Examples of slender members include beams, columns, and trusses. Due to their shape, slender members can be susceptible to buckling and require careful engineering to ensure they can safely carry the loads they are designed to support. Proper design and placement are essential for maintaining the stability and strength of slender members in a structure.

Elevation refers to one of the vertical faces or sides of a building, showing its height and design features. In architecture, an elevation drawing provides a detailed representation of how that side looks, including elements like windows, doors, and rooflines. This type of drawing is essential for visualizing the building's exterior and can highlight different architectural styles and materials used. Elevations help architects, builders, and clients understand the overall appearance and proportions of a structure, contributing to the planning and construction process.

A two by four is a standard size of lumber commonly used in construction, typically measuring two inches thick and four inches wide, although the actual dimensions may be slightly smaller due to finishing processes. This type of lumber is often used for framing walls, floors, and roofs, providing structural support for buildings. Two by fours are versatile and easy to work with, making them popular for various applications, including furniture and cabinetry. They are available in different wood types and grades, allowing builders to choose the best option based on strength, appearance, and budget.

A ground plan is a detailed drawing that depicts the arrangement of spaces on any given floor. It illustrates the positions of rooms, walls, doors, and windows, providing a clear view of how different areas connect and function together. Ground plans are crucial for understanding the design of each floor, allowing for effective planning of space usage and traffic flow. They are commonly used in architectural designs to guide construction and ensure that the intended layout is achieved. Ground plans can also be valuable for interior design, as they help visualize the placement of furniture and fixtures.

Long-and-short work refers to a type of masonry technique that involves alternating the lengths of the stones or bricks used in a wall. In this method, longer stones or bricks are placed next to shorter ones, creating a visually interesting pattern while providing structural stability. This approach is often employed in building walls, arches, or other architectural features, as it helps distribute weight evenly and can enhance the overall aesthetic of the structure. Long-and-short work is a traditional technique seen in various architectural styles, contributing to the durability and design of masonry structures.

A cornerstone is a significant stone or block placed at the corner of a building's foundation. Traditionally, it marks the starting point of construction and is often inscribed with the date of completion or other important information. The cornerstone serves both a structural and symbolic purpose, providing stability and support to the building while also representing the importance of the project. In many cultures, laying the cornerstone is a ceremonial event, marking the beginning of a new construction and celebrating the community's efforts. It is typically larger than other stones used in the foundation, emphasizing its significance in the overall structure.

A footing is a reinforced concrete or masonry structure located below the foundation of a building. Its primary purpose is to support the foundation and distribute the weight of the building evenly to the underlying soil or bedrock. By spreading the load over a larger area, footings help prevent settling, shifting, or cracking that can occur if the weight is not properly managed. The size and design of a footing are determined by factors such as soil conditions, building weight, and local building regulations. Properly constructed footings are crucial for the stability and longevity of a structure.

Glazing refers to the process of installing glass in windows, doors, or other openings in a building. It can involve various techniques, such as sealing glass panes within frames or applying a protective layer to enhance energy efficiency. Glazing plays a critical role in controlling light, heat, and sound within a space while providing visibility and aesthetic appeal. Different types of glazing materials, such as single, double, or triple-pane glass, offer varying levels of insulation and protection against the elements. Proper glazing is essential for ensuring the comfort and safety of a building's occupants while contributing to its overall design.

Toothing refers to a masonry technique where bricks or stones are left projecting from a wall's surface to create a pattern of teeth or notches. This method is often used to prepare a wall for the addition of another structure or to reinforce the bond between old and new masonry. Toothing can help ensure a secure connection when extending walls or making repairs. It is commonly seen in construction practices involving brick or stone buildings, where it serves both functional and decorative purposes, enhancing the overall appearance of the wall while providing structural integrity.

A balk is a structural element that serves as a beam or horizontal support, typically found in the framing of a building or in flooring systems. It is usually made from wood or metal and helps to support the weight of floors or ceilings above. Balks are commonly placed perpendicular to the joists, distributing loads evenly across the structure and preventing sagging or collapse. They can vary in size and design based on the specific requirements of the construction project. Proper installation of balks is essential for maintaining the stability and strength of a building.

A straining piece is a structural component used in construction to provide additional support and stability to a framework. Typically made from wood or metal, a straining piece is placed diagonally or horizontally within a framework to help distribute loads and prevent deformation or buckling. This element is often found in trusses, beams, or other structural systems where it helps resist side forces or tension. Straining pieces play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity and safety of a structure by ensuring that it can withstand various loads and environmental conditions.

Fascia is a horizontal board or surface that runs along the edge of a roof or eaves, typically installed to support the bottom of the roof tiles or shingles. It serves both functional and decorative purposes, protecting the underlying structure from weather elements while providing a finished appearance to the roofline. Fascia boards are often made from wood, vinyl, or composite materials and can be painted or stained to match the building's exterior. In addition to enhancing aesthetics, fascia also helps prevent water damage by directing rainwater into the gutters, promoting effective drainage away from the building.

A rafter is a structural beam that supports the roof of a building. Typically made from wood, metal, or engineered materials, rafters are positioned at an angle from the ridge or peak of the roof down to the eaves. They help bear the weight of the roof covering, such as shingles or tiles, and distribute the load evenly to the walls of the building. Rafters are essential in creating the roof's shape and design, providing stability and strength while allowing for insulation and ventilation. Proper installation of rafters is crucial for ensuring the overall integrity and durability of the roof structure.

A binder is a structural element used in construction to connect and support other components, often providing stability to a framework. Typically made from wood, metal, or reinforced materials, binders are commonly used in roof trusses or wall systems. They help distribute loads and forces evenly across the structure, preventing sagging or failure. In some cases, binders can also serve as a decorative feature in exposed framing. Proper design and installation of binders are essential for maintaining the strength and safety of a building, ensuring it can withstand various loads and environmental conditions.

Rammed earth is a sustainable building technique that involves compressing a mixture of soil, sand, and gravel into forms to create solid walls. This method uses layers of earth that are compacted using heavy machinery or manual tools to achieve a dense and durable structure. Rammed earth walls are known for their thermal mass, which helps regulate indoor temperatures, and their natural appearance, which blends well with the environment. This construction technique is often used in eco-friendly buildings, as it utilizes locally sourced materials and has a low environmental impact. Properly constructed rammed earth walls can provide excellent insulation and resistance to fire and pests.

A batten is a long and narrow strip of wood or metal used in construction to hold together or secure other materials within a building. It is commonly attached to surfaces such as walls, roofs, or floors to provide support and stability. Battens can be used to fasten sheets of material, like plywood or drywall, ensuring they remain in place and are properly aligned. In addition to their functional role, battens can also enhance the appearance of a building by adding texture and detail. This versatile component is widely used in various construction projects for both structural and aesthetic purposes.

A truss is a framework of beams or structural members designed to support loads and create a stable shape in buildings and other constructions. Typically made from wood or metal, trusses are arranged in triangular patterns to distribute weight evenly and provide strength. They are commonly used in roofs, bridges, and floors, allowing for large open spaces without the need for many interior columns or supports. The design of a truss enables it to efficiently transfer loads to its supports, making it a popular choice in engineering and architecture. Properly constructed trusses are essential for ensuring the safety and durability of a structure.

Lath refers to thin, narrow strips of wood or metal used as a base for plaster or other finishes in construction. Traditionally made from wood, lath is applied to walls or ceilings to create a framework that holds plaster in place, allowing for a smooth and durable surface. In modern construction, metal lath is sometimes used for similar purposes, particularly in areas that require additional strength or moisture resistance. Lath can also be used in the installation of tile or other coverings, providing a stable backing for these materials. This component is essential in achieving a finished appearance while ensuring the structural integrity of walls and ceilings.

Wattle is a traditional building material made from woven branches or thin sticks, often used to create a framework for walls. In this technique, the branches are interlaced to form a crisscross structure, which can then be filled with mud, clay, or plaster for added strength and insulation. Wattle construction is often found in historic buildings and is commonly associated with sustainable building practices, as it utilizes natural and locally sourced materials. This method not only provides durability and insulation but also gives a unique aesthetic to structures, reflecting traditional craftsmanship and design.

Timber-frame construction is a method of building that uses large wooden beams and posts to create the main structure of a building. This technique involves connecting these beams in a framework, often with mortise and tenon joints, which provides strength and stability. Timber-frame buildings typically feature open interior spaces, allowing for flexible layouts and high ceilings. The exposed wooden framework is often left visible, adding warmth and character to the design. This construction style is known for its durability and energy efficiency, as well as its use of sustainable materials, making it a popular choice for both residential and commercial projects.

A wall panel is a flat, usually rectangular section of material used to create or cover walls in a building. Wall panels can be made from various materials, including wood, metal, plastic, or drywall, and are often used to enhance the appearance and functionality of interior or exterior walls. They can provide insulation, soundproofing, or aesthetic appeal through different textures and finishes. Wall panels are typically installed in sections and can be customized in size, design, and color to fit the specific needs of a space. This versatile component is commonly used in both residential and commercial settings to improve the overall look and performance of walls.

A bracing system is a structural arrangement used to provide support and stability to a building or framework by reinforcing its shape and preventing movement. Typically made from materials such as wood or metal, bracing elements are installed diagonally or vertically within walls, floors, or roofs to help resist lateral forces, such as wind or earthquakes. This system helps maintain the integrity of the structure by distributing loads evenly and minimizing deformation. Bracing systems are commonly found in various types of construction, including residential and commercial buildings, ensuring safety and durability over time.

A wall plate is a horizontal beam or board that is placed on top of a wall to support the structure above it, such as the roof or upper floors. Typically made from wood or metal, wall plates help distribute weight evenly across the wall and provide a stable base for attaching rafters, trusses, or other framing components. They also play a crucial role in connecting walls to the roof structure, ensuring that loads are transferred properly. Wall plates are commonly used in residential and commercial construction, contributing to the overall strength and stability of a building.

A joist hanger is a metal bracket used to support and secure joists, which are horizontal beams that help hold up floors or ceilings in a building. Typically made from coated steel or other durable materials, joist hangers are attached to beams or walls to provide a stable connection for the ends of joists. This helps to ensure that the joists remain properly aligned and securely in place, preventing movement or sagging. Joist hangers are commonly used in both residential and commercial construction to enhance the structural integrity and safety of flooring systems.

Stonework refers to the craft of building or decorating with stones, using various techniques to shape and assemble them into structures or features. This method can involve cutting, carving, or arranging stones to create walls, pathways, or decorative elements, often enhancing the durability and aesthetic appeal of a building. Stonework is commonly seen in buildings, bridges, and outdoor features, such as patios and gardens. The use of natural stone in construction provides benefits like insulation, resistance to weather, and low maintenance, making it a popular choice in both traditional and modern architecture.

Brickwork is the process of constructing structures using bricks, which are small, rectangular blocks made from clay, concrete, or other materials. This technique involves laying bricks in a specific pattern, usually with mortar, to create walls, arches, or other architectural features. Brickwork is valued for its strength, durability, and thermal properties, providing excellent insulation and fire resistance. It can be used in both residential and commercial buildings, often contributing to a structure's aesthetic appeal through various colors, textures, and bonding patterns. Proper brickwork is essential for ensuring the stability and longevity of a building.