مقدمه - شناسه

A blackboard is a smooth, flat surface, usually black or dark green, that is used for writing or drawing with chalk. It is commonly found in classrooms and other learning spaces, where it helps teachers or presenters share information with a group of people. The surface of the blackboard allows the chalk to be easily erased, making it possible to reuse the board many times. Blackboards are often mounted on a wall or supported by a stand, making them easy to see from a distance.

A calculator is a small device used to perform mathematical calculations. It can add, subtract, multiply, and divide, along with more complex functions like square roots, percentages, and scientific calculations, depending on the type. Basic calculators have simple number buttons and function keys, while scientific calculators include additional features for advanced math or engineering tasks. Calculators are commonly used in schools, offices, and homes to solve problems quickly and accurately, offering a faster alternative to manual calculations. They can be either handheld or built into computers and smartphones.

A cupboard is a type of storage furniture with shelves and doors, used to store items such as dishes, food, or cleaning supplies. It is typically found in kitchens, dining rooms, or bathrooms. Cupboards are often built into the walls of a room or can be freestanding. They help keep items organized and out of sight, with some having multiple compartments or adjustable shelves for different storage needs. Cupboards are usually made of wood, metal, or a combination of materials and come in various sizes and styles to fit different spaces.

A whiteboard is a smooth, shiny, white surface used for writing or drawing with special markers that can be easily wiped off. It is commonly used in classrooms, meeting rooms, and other places where information is shared or discussed. The surface allows dry-erase markers to leave marks that can be erased without leaving permanent stains, making it reusable. Whiteboards are usually mounted on walls or placed on stands, making them easy to see and convenient for presenting or organizing ideas. They can also be used for interactive displays in some cases.

A pencil sharpener is a tool used to sharpen the point of a pencil by removing a small amount of wood and exposing the lead inside. It typically consists of a blade or rotating mechanism that shaves the pencil to a fine point, allowing for precise writing or drawing. Pencil sharpeners come in various forms, including manual hand-held sharpeners, electric models, and larger versions for classrooms or offices. Some sharpeners feature a container to collect shavings, while others have adjustable settings to control the sharpness of the pencil tip.

A ruler is a straight, flat tool used to measure length or draw straight lines. It is typically made of wood, plastic, or metal and is marked with units of measurement, such as inches or centimeters. Rulers are commonly used in schools, offices, and workshops for tasks that require accurate measurements, like drawing, crafting, or construction. They come in different sizes and styles, including flexible or rigid versions, and some may have additional features like marked angles for geometric work. Rulers are simple but essential tools for a wide range of activities.