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The idiom "baker's dozen" has its origins in medieval England when there were strict laws governing the weight and pricing of bread. To avoid the risk of underweight loaves and potential penalties, bakers would often add an extra loaf to a dozen (which originally meant 12) to ensure they met the required weight. This practice became customary, and "baker's dozen" came to mean 13 rather than 12. This expression is used to describe a group of 13 items or things. It is often used when someone wants to emphasize that they are providing a little extra or going beyond the expected quantity, similar to the original practice of bakers adding an extra loaf to a dozen.

Baking powder is a leavening agent used in baking that consists of a mixture of alkaline and acidic components. It is typically a fine powder with a neutral taste. Baking powder is made by combining an alkaline substance, such as baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), with one or more acidic compounds, such as cream of tartar. This combination creates a reaction when exposed to moisture and heat, producing carbon dioxide gas that causes dough or batter to rise. Unlike baking soda, which requires an acidic ingredient to activate its leavening properties, baking powder is a self-contained leavening agent. It is commonly used in recipes where there are no acidic ingredients present or when a more predictable rise is desired.

Bicarbonate of soda, also known as baking soda, is a versatile white powder commonly used in cooking, cleaning, and personal care. In cooking, it acts as a leavening agent, causing baked goods to rise by producing carbon dioxide gas when mixed with acidic ingredients. This gas creates bubbles in the batter or dough, causing it to rise and become light and fluffy during baking. Its alkaline properties make it effective for removing odors and cleaning surfaces, from scrubbing pots and pans to freshening carpets. Additionally, bicarbonate of soda can be used as a gentle exfoliant in skincare routines, helping to remove dead skin cells and balance pH levels.

Cream of tartar, also known as potassium bitartrate, is a powdery white substance that is a byproduct of wine production. It is commonly used in baking as a leavening agent and stabilizer. Cream of tartar is acidic and reacts with baking soda to produce carbon dioxide gas, which helps baked goods rise. It is often used in recipes for cakes, cookies, and meringues to achieve a lighter texture and better volume. In addition to its leavening properties, cream of tartar is also used to stabilize egg whites when making meringue, preventing them from collapsing and improving their volume and stability. Beyond baking, cream of tartar is used in some cleaning and household applications, such as removing stains and cleaning metals.

Dough is a soft, flexible mixture made by combining flour with water or other liquids, along with other ingredients like yeast, salt, and sugar. It serves as the base for various baked goods, including bread, pizza, and pastries. Dough can be kneaded, rolled, shaped, and baked to create a wide range of delicious treats. It's an essential component in baking, providing structure and texture to finished products while also allowing for creativity in shaping and flavoring.

Poppy seed is a type of small, kidney-shaped seed obtained from the opium poppy plant. They have a distinct nutty flavor and are often used as a garnish or ingredient in various culinary dishes, such as bread, pastries, and salads. Poppy seeds are also known for their oil content and are valued for their medicinal properties. However, it's important to note that consuming large quantities of poppy seeds can result in the presence of trace amounts of opiates in the body, so moderation is advised.

Yeast is a type of fungus commonly used in food preparation, especially in baking. It serves as a leavening agent, aiding in the fermentation process by converting sugar into carbon dioxide, which causes the dough to rise. Yeast adds a distinct flavor and aroma to bread, pastries, and other baked goods. It plays a crucial role in creating light, airy textures and contributing to the overall taste and structure of the final product.

A bread board is a flat, sturdy surface used for preparing and cutting bread. It is typically made of wood, plastic, or bamboo and comes in various shapes and sizes. Bread boards provide a stable and hygienic surface for slicing bread or kneading dough. They often feature a groove around the perimeter to catch any crumbs, preventing mess on the countertop. Some bread boards also have non-slip feet or grips to keep them in place during use. Additionally, bread boards can be used as serving platters for bread, cheese, or charcuterie, adding a rustic touch to meal presentations.

A breadbox is a container specifically designed for storing bread and other baked goods to keep them fresh for longer periods. Traditionally made of wood, metal, or plastic, breadboxes come in various shapes and sizes, but they typically feature a hinged lid that opens and closes easily. The enclosed space helps to regulate humidity, preventing bread from drying out too quickly and keeping it from becoming stale. Some modern breadboxes also have ventilation holes or slits to allow air circulation while still maintaining the optimal moisture level for storing bread.