پلیمر
a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure
ایزوتوپ
each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass
(فعال در واکنش)
واکنش‌پذیر
having a tendency to to undergo chemical reactions
(رادیواکتیو)
پرتوزا
containing or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions
پیوند کووالانسی
a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule
اطلاعات دستوری:
(پیوند دوگانه)
پیوند دوبل
a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger and more stable connection than a single bond
(هیدروفیلیک)
آب دوست
defining substances or surfaces that have a strong attraction to water molecules, allowing them to easily absorb or interact with water
(آب‌گریز)
هیدروفوبیک
characterized by substances or surfaces that repel water molecules, showing little or no affinity for water
(واکنش گرمازا)
واکنش گرماده
a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings, typically resulting in a temperature increase
(واکنش گرماگیر)
واکنش endothermic
a chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a temperature decrease
(هزینه اتمی)
جرم اتمی
the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes
(وزن مولکولی)
جرم مولکولی
the total mass of all the atoms in a single molecule of a substance
(نمبر جرمی)
عدد جرمی
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
(مقدار مواد)
مول
a fundamental unit in chemistry that represents the amount of substance containing as many entities (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12
(بشر)
لیوان آزمایشگاهی
a container usually made of glass or plastic used in chemistry and laboratory
A beaker is a wide, cylindrical container used in laboratories for mixing, heating, or holding liquids and chemicals. It is typically made of glass or plastic and has a flat bottom for stability. Beakers often have markings on the side to show measurements, making it easier to measure and pour liquids accurately. They usually have a small spout at the top for easy pouring and are commonly used in science experiments or in classrooms to perform basic chemical processes or mix substances.
(سرنگ)
پیپت
a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid
A pipette is a small, tube-like tool used to transfer or measure liquids in precise amounts. It is typically made of glass or plastic and has a narrow, long shape with a bulb at one end. The bulb is squeezed to draw liquid into the pipette, which can then be released by squeezing the bulb again. Pipettes are commonly used in laboratories, especially in experiments that require accurate measurements of liquids, such as in chemical reactions or medical testing. Some pipettes are graduated to show different volumes, while others are used for transferring a fixed amount of liquid.
سانتریفوژ
a device that spins samples to separate components based on density
A centrifuge is a device used in laboratories to separate substances of different weights from a liquid mixture. It does this by spinning the mixture very quickly, causing heavier materials to move outward and leaving lighter materials closer to the center. This process allows scientists and researchers to separate and study substances like cells, proteins, or DNA in biological samples. Centrifuges are essential tools in various scientific fields for performing tests, experiments, and analyses efficiently.
(کاغذ اندیکاتور)
کاغذ نشانگر
a special paper treated with chemicals that change color in response to certain conditions, used to test for the presence of specific substances or measure pH levels
(جدول عناصر شیمیایی)
جدول تناوبی
a tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties
(سخت شدن)
کلسifizierung
the process where calcium or calcium salts accumulate in a tissue, making it hard and rigid
(تیتراسیون)
تیترژی
a laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by gradually adding a reagent of known concentration until a reaction is completed
تخمیر
the process by which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into alcohol, acids, or gases
Fermentation is a natural metabolic process that converts sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol, often with the help of microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria. In the context of food and beverages, fermentation is commonly used to produce a wide variety of products, including bread, cheese, yogurt, beer, wine, and sauerkraut, among others. During fermentation, microorganisms break down the sugars present in the starting material, releasing energy and producing byproducts such as carbon dioxide, alcohol, or lactic acid. These byproducts often contribute to the flavor, texture, and preservation of the final product. Fermentation can occur spontaneously in some cases, but it is often carefully controlled and monitored in food production to achieve consistent results and ensure food safety.
(تمرکز)
غلظت
the measure of how much of a substance is present in a certain volume of solution
(پروب میکروسکوپی)
میکروپروب
a device used to analyze the chemical composition of small samples at a microscopic scale
(آلیاژ چندعاملی)
آلیاژ چندجزئی
a type of metallic material composed of three or more elements mixed together in varying proportions
گروه شیمیایی (شیمی)
a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit within a molecule
(تست)
آزمایش
a test that measures the presence, amount, or activity of a specific substance in a sample, often used in scientific and medical research
(موازنه)
تعادل
a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products
(الکترولیز)
برق‌کافت (شیمی)
(chemistry) the process of separating a liquid or solution into its parts by passing electricity through it
حل شدن
(of a solid) to become one with a liquid
اطلاعات دستوری:
رقیق کردن
to make a solution or mixture weaker or less concentrated by adding more liquid
اطلاعات دستوری:
(پخش کردن)
معلق کردن
to disperse fine particles throughout a fluid so they remain evenly distributed without settling
اطلاعات دستوری:
(محلول‌سازی)
حل‌سازی
the process of dispersing or dissolving a substance into a solvent to form a homogeneous solution
(ریزساختار)
میکرواستراکچر
the arrangement, composition, and characteristics of a material at a microscopic level
(لوله نانو)
نانولوله
a tiny, tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms, with remarkable strength and electrical properties
(گداخته)
ذوب شده
heated to a liquid state due to high temperatures
(مرحله)
فاز
a phase is a distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties, separated from other forms by boundaries
(خنثی کردن مواد مضر)
تسمم‌زدایی کردن
to eliminate or neutralize harmful substances
اطلاعات دستوری:
(بلوری)
کریستالی
denoting substances with a highly organized molecular structure, akin to crystals
(بلورنگار)
بلورشناسی
a scientist who studies the structure and properties of crystals
(شیمیدان کیهانی)
کیهان شیمیدان
a scientist who studies the chemical composition and processes of celestial bodies to understand the formation and evolution of the universe
(رنگ‌سنجی)
کروماتوگرافی
a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase
(انحطاط بتا)
تشعشع بتا
a type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) to transform a neutron into a proton or vice versa
(بدون بار الکتریکی)
غیر بار دار
not having an electrical charge
(چگالنده)
مکث‌کننده
a device that turns vapor into liquid by cooling it
A condenser is a laboratory device used to cool and condense vapors back into liquid form. It typically consists of a tube through which vapor passes, surrounded by a layer of cold water that cools the vapor as it moves through. The cooled vapor then turns back into liquid and can be collected in a separate container. Condensers are commonly used in distillation processes, where heat is applied to a liquid to separate its components, and in other experiments that involve heating and cooling substances. The cold water helps ensure the vapor does not escape.
(نیروهای واندروالس)
نیروهای وانر والس
weak attractive forces between molecules or atoms, arising from temporary or induced dipoles
(مهندس متالورژی)
متالورژیست
a scientist or engineer who specializes in the study and production of metals and alloys, including their properties, processing methods, and applications
(جذب سطحی)
جذب
the process by which molecules of a substance adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid, forming a thin film or layer
(سوخت زیستی)
بیودیزل
a renewable, alternative fuel made from organic materials such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease
Biodiesel is a type of fuel made from natural oils, such as vegetable oil or animal fat, that can be used in diesel engines. It is considered a cleaner alternative to regular diesel because it produces fewer harmful gases. Biodiesel can be used on its own or mixed with regular diesel. Since it is made from renewable sources, it helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels. However, producing biodiesel requires land and resources, which can affect food production and the environment.
(یوتکتیک)
اکستر
a specific composition of a mixture of substances, typically metals or alloys, where the melting point is at its lowest possible temperature under atmospheric pressure
(جاذب فوق‌العاده)
ابرجاذب
a substance capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of liquid relative to its own mass
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