Geology

epicenter

اسم

/ɛ.pə.sɛn.tɜr/ or /اِ.پِ.سِن.تِر/

e

ɛ

اِ

p

p

پ

i

ə

اِ

c

s

س

e

ɛ

اِ

n

n

ن

t

t

ت

e

ɜ

اِ

r

r

ر

(مرکز زلزله)

کانون زمین‌لرزه

the point on the surface of the earth vertically above the focus of an earthquake where its effects are felt most strongly

volcanology

اسم

/vɑ:l.ka.nɑ:.lə.ʤi/ or /وال.کا.نا.لِ.جی/

v

v

و

o

ɑ:

آ

l

l

ل

c

k

ک

a

a

آ

n

n

ن

o

ɑ:

آ

l

l

ل

o

ə

اِ

g

ʤ

ج

y

i

ای

آتشفشان‌شناسی

a branch of geology that focuses on the study of volcanoes, volcanic activity, and related phenomena

shield volcano

اسم

/ʃˈiːld vɑːlkˈeɪnoʊ/

(آتشفشان گسترده)

آتشفشان سپری

a type of broad, gently sloping volcano formed by the eruption of low-viscosity basaltic lava

caldera

اسم

/kæl.dɛ.rə/ or /کَل.دِ.رِ/

c

k

ک

a

æ

اَ

l

l

ل

d

d

د

e

ɛ

اِ

r

r

ر

a

ə

اِ

(کالدرا)

کاسه آتش‌فشانی

a large, basin-shaped volcanic crater formed by the collapse of a volcano after a massive eruption

magma

اسم

/mæg.mə/ or /مَگ.مِ/

m

m

م

a

æ

اَ

g

g

گ

m

m

م

a

ə

اِ

(گدازه)

ماگما

liquid or semi-liquid rock that exists under the earth's surface with an extremely hot temperature

sediment

اسم

/sɛ.də.mənt/ or /سِ.دِ.مِنت/

s

s

س

e

ɛ

اِ

d

d

د

i

ə

اِ

m

m

م

e

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

t

t

ت

(لایه رسوبی)

رسوب

particles of rock, minerals, or organic materials that have been transported by wind, water, or ice, and deposited in layers on the Earth's surface

geothermal

صفت

/ʤioʊ.θɜr.məl/ or /جیُو.تِر.مِل/

g

ʤ

ج

eo

ioʊ

ایاُاو~اُ

th

θ

ث

e

ɜ

اِ

r

r

ر

m

m

م

a

ə

اِ

l

l

ل

(ژئوترمال)

زمین‌گرمایی

connected with or produced by the heat inside the earth

basin

اسم

/beɪ.sən/ or /بِی.سِن/

b

b

ب

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

s

s

س

i

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

(گودی)

حوضه

a large, bowl-shaped depression or low-lying area on the Earth's surface, typically surrounded by higher landforms and often filled with sedimentary deposits

continental crust

اسم

/kˌɑːntɪnˈɛntəl kɹˈʌst/

(قشر قاره‌ای)

پوسته قاره‌ای

the thick, buoyant part of the Earth's crust that forms the continents, composed mainly of granitic rocks and less dense than oceanic crust

paleocontinent

اسم

/peɪ.li:oʊ.kɑ:n.tɪ.nənt/ or /پِی.لیُو.کان.تی.نِنت/

p

p

پ

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

l

l

ل

eo

i:oʊ

ایاُاو~اُ

c

k

ک

o

ɑ:

آ

n

n

ن

t

t

ت

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

n

n

ن

e

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

t

t

ت

(قارهٔ باستانی)

پالئوکنتیننت

a landmass that existed in the geological past

subduction

اسم

/sʌb.dʌk.ʃən/ or /ساب.داک.شِن/

s

s

س

u

ʌ

آ

b

b

ب

d

d

د

u

ʌ

آ

c

k

ک

t

ʃ

ش

io

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

فرورانش

a geological process where one tectonic plate moves under another and sinks into the Earth's mantle

mantle

اسم

/mæn.təl/ or /مَن.تِل/

m

m

م

a

æ

اَ

n

n

ن

t

t

ت

ə

اِ

l

l

ل

e

(پوسته باطنی)

مَنتل

the region of the Earth's interior, lying beneath the crust and extending to the outer core, composed of solid rock that can deform and flow over geological time scales

quarry

اسم

/kwɔ.ri/ or /کوُ.ری/

q

k

ک

u

w

و

a

ɔ

آ~اُ

rr

r

ر

y

i

ای

(سنگ‌بر)

معدن

a site where large quantities of rock, stone, or minerals are extracted from the Earth's crust for industrial use or construction purposes

fault

اسم

/fɔlt/ or /فُلت/

f

f

ف

au

ɔ

آ~اُ

l

l

ل

t

t

ت

(خطای زمین)

گسل

a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock, along which there has been significant displacement due to tectonic forces

bedrock

اسم

/bɛd.rɑk/ or /بِد.راک/

b

b

ب

e

e

اِ

d

d

د

r

r

ر

o

ɑ

آ

ck

k

ک

(پایه‌ی سنگی)

سنگ بستر

solid rock beneath surface materials, forming the Earth's crust foundation

shale

اسم

/ʃeɪl/ or /شِیل/

sh

ʃ

ش

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

l

l

ل

e

(سنگ شیل)

شیل

a type of fine-grained sedimentary rock made from compacted clay or mud particles, known for its ability to split into thin layers

basalt

اسم

/bə.sɔlt/ or /بِ.سُلت/

b

b

ب

a

ə

اِ

s

s

س

a

ɔ

آ~اُ

l

l

ل

t

t

ت

(سنگ بازالت)

بازالت

a type of dark, fine-grained igneous rock formed from cooled lava, characterized by its dense composition and typically dark gray to black color

index fossil

اسم

/ˈɪndɛks fˈɑːsəl/

(فسیل نمایه)

فسیل راهنما

a fossilized organism that is useful for dating and correlating the strata in which it is found, typically indicative of a particular time period in Earth's geological history

intrusion

اسم

/ɪnt.ru.ʒən/ or /اینت.رو.ژِن/

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

n

n

ن

t

t

ت

r

r

ر

u

u

او

s

ʒ

ژ

io

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

نفوذ گدازه

(geology) the injection of magma into existing rock formations underground

radiometric dating

اسم

/ɹˌeɪdɪoʊmˈɛtɹɪk dˈeɪɾɪŋ/

(تاریخ‌گذاری رادیوایزوتوپی)

سن سنجی رادیومتری

a method used to determine the age of rocks and minerals by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes present in them

igneous

صفت

/ɪg.niəs/ or /ایگ.نیِس/

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

g

g

گ

n

n

ن

eou

iə

ایاِ

s

s

س

آذرین (سنگ)

(of rock) formed from cooled magma or lava

metamorphic

صفت

/mɛ.tə.mɔr.fɪk/ or /مِ.تِ.مُر.فیک/

m

m

م

e

ɛ

اِ

t

t

ت

a

ə

اِ

m

m

م

o

ɔ

آ~اُ

r

r

ر

ph

f

ف

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

c

k

ک

(دگرگونی)

متامورفیک

related to rocks transformed by intense heat, pressure, or chemical processes, altering their mineral composition and texture

tectonic

صفت

/tɛk.tɑ:.nɪk/ or /تِک.تا.نیک/

t

t

ت

e

ɛ

اِ

c

k

ک

t

t

ت

o

ɑ

آ

n

n

ن

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

c

k

ک

(تکتونیک)

زمین‌ساخت

relating to the movement and arrangement of the Earth's crust

to smelt

فعل

/smɛlt/ or /اِسمِلت/

s

s

س

m

m

م

e

ɛ

اِ

l

l

ل

t

t

ت

گداختن (فلزات)

to extract metal from its ore by heating and melting it in a furnace

slag

اسم

/slæg/ or /اِسلَگ/

s

s

س

l

l

ل

a

æ

اَ

g

g

گ

(لجن ذوب)

مواد زائد ذوب

the byproduct of smelting ore that forms a glass-like material, often found as a residue in mining and metalworking activities

mesozoic

اسم

/mɛ.sə.zoʊɪk/ or /مِ.سِ.زُویک/

m

m

م

e

ɛ

اِ

s

s

س

o

ə

اِ

z

z

ز

oi

oʊɪ

اُاو~اُای~اِ

c

k

ک

(عصر مزوزوئیک)

مزوزوئیک

the period of time from about 252 to 66 million years ago, characterized by the dominance of dinosaurs and the gradual breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea

granite

اسم

/græ.nət/ or /گرَ.نِت/

g

g

گ

r

r

ر

a

æ

اَ

n

n

ن

i

ə

اِ

t

t

ت

e

*گرانیت

a durable and visually appealing natural rock used for countertops, flooring, and other architectural applications

quartzite

اسم

/kwɔ:rt.saɪt/ or /کوُرت.سایت/

q

k

ک

u

w

و

a

ɔ:

آ~اُ

r

r

ر

t

t

ت

z

s

س

i

aɪ

آای~اِ

t

t

ت

e

(سنگ کوارتزیت)

کوارتزیت

a tough type of rock that starts as sandstone but changes under intense heat and pressure underground, becoming very hard and durable

argillite

اسم

/ɑ:r.ʤɪl.laɪt/ or /آر.جیل.لایت/

a

ɑ:

آ

r

r

ر

g

g

گ

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

ll

l

ل

i

aɪ

آای~اِ

t

t

ت

e

(سنگ رسوبی)

آرگیلیت

a type of rock formed from clay minerals that have been compressed and hardened over time, creating a dense and often smooth-textured material

olivine

اسم

/ɑ.lə.vin/ or /آ.لِ.وین/

o

ɑ

آ

l

l

ل

i

ə

اِ

v

v

و

i

i

ای

n

n

ن

e

(زُبَرْجامد)

اولیوین

a mineral with a greenish hue, commonly found in igneous rocks like basalt and peridotite, known for its high magnesium and iron content

limestone

اسم

/laɪm.stoʊn/ or /لایم.اِستُون/

l

l

ل

i

aɪ

آای~اِ

m

m

م

e

s

s

س

t

t

ت

o

oʊ

اُاو~اُ

n

n

ن

e

سنگ آهک

a hard gray or white rock that contains calcium and is used for making cement or as a building material

pyroxene

اسم

/paɪ.rɑk.sin/ or /پای.راک.سین/

p

p

پ

y

aɪ

آای~اِ

r

r

ر

o

ɑ

آ

x

ks

کس

e

i

ای

n

n

ن

e

(پيروكسن‌ها)

پيروكسن

a group of minerals found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, typically dark in color and composed of silica, magnesium, and iron

kaolinite

اسم

/keɪə.lɪ.naɪt/ or /کِیِ.لی.نایت/

k

k

ک

ao

eɪə

اِای~اِاِ

l

l

ل

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

n

n

ن

i

aɪ

آای~اِ

t

t

ت

e

(کائولین)

کائولینیت

a soft, white clay mineral formed from the weathering of aluminum-rich rocks, used widely in ceramics, paper production, and as a filler in some medications

feldspar

اسم

/fɛld.spɑr/ or /فِلد.اِسپار/

f

f

ف

e

ɛ

اِ

l

l

ل

d

d

د

s

s

س

p

p

پ

a

ɑ

آ

r

r

ر

(فلدسپات‌ها)

فلدسپات

a group of minerals that are the most abundant components in the Earth's crust, known for their hardness and varied colors, often used in ceramics and glassmaking