علوم اجتماعی

agency

اسم

/eɪ.ʤən.si/ or /اِی.جِن.سی/

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

g

ʤ

ج

e

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

c

s

س

y

i

ای

(عوامل)

توانمندی

the capacity or power of an individual or entity to take action, make decisions, and influence or control their environment or circumstances

clan

اسم

/klæn/ or /کلَن/

c

k

ک

l

l

ل

a

æ

اَ

n

n

ن

(ایل، تبار)

طایفه

a large group of people who are related to each other

chiefdom

اسم

/ʧif.dəm/ or /چیف.دِم/

ch

ʧ

چ

ie

i

ای

f

f

ف

d

d

د

o

ə

اِ

m

m

م

(چیدمان رهبری)

رئیست

a form of sociopolitical organization in which a centralized authority governs a community or a collection of communities

collective

اسم

/kə.lɛk.tɪv/ or /کِ.لِک.تیو/

c

k

ک

o

ə

اِ

ll

l

ل

e

ɛ

اِ

c

k

ک

t

t

ت

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

v

v

و

e

تعاونی

a cooperative or united group of individuals, entities, or elements working together for a common purpose or interest

urbanization

اسم

/ɜr.bə.nə.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /اِر.بِ.نِ.زِی.شِن/

u

ɜ

اِ

r

r

ر

b

b

ب

a

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

i

ə

اِ

z

z

ز

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

t

ʃ

ش

io

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

توسعه شهری

the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

civilization

اسم

/sɪ.və.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /سی.وِ.لی.زِی.شِن/

c

s

س

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

v

v

و

i

ə

اِ

l

l

ل

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

z

z

ز

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

t

ʃ

ش

io

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

تمدن

a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

bureaucracy

اسم

/bjʊ.rɑk.rə.si/ or /بیو.راک.رِ.سی/

b

b

ب

u

jʊ

یاو~اُ

r

r

ر

eau

ɑ

آ

c

k

ک

r

r

ر

a

ə

اِ

c

s

س

y

i

ای

(دیوان‌سالاری)

بوروکراسی

an organizational structure characterized by strict procedures, rules, and regulations designed to manage complex tasks or activities efficiently

socialization

اسم

/soʊ.ʃə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /سُو.شِ.لی.زِی.شِن/

s

s

س

o

oʊ

اُاو~اُ

c

ʃ

ش

ia

ə

اِ

l

l

ل

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

z

z

ز

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

t

ʃ

ش

io

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

(اجتماعی سازی)

اجتماعی شدن

the process through which individuals within a society or group learn and internalize behavior patterns, norms, values, and customs through interactions, education, and social experiences

civil right

اسم

/sˈɪvəl ɹˈaɪt/

(حقوق شهروندی)

حق مدنی

any of the basic freedoms or rights that protect individuals from unfair treatment and ensure equality under the law, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or other characteristics

status quo

اسم

/stˈæɾəs kwˈoʊ/

(وضع کنونی، شرایط فعلی)

وضع موجود

the situation or condition that is currently at hand

industrialization

اسم

/ɪn.dəst.riə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /این.دِست.ریِ.لی.زِی.شِن/

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

n

n

ن

d

d

د

u

ə

اِ

s

s

س

t

t

ت

r

r

ر

ia

iə

ایاِ

l

l

ل

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

z

z

ز

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

t

ʃ

ش

io

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

(صنعت‌گری)

صنعتی‌سازی

the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

aristocracy

اسم

/ɛ.rəs.tɑk.rə.si/ or /اِ.رِس.تاک.رِ.سی/

a

ɛ

اِ

r

r

ر

i

ə

اِ

s

s

س

t

t

ت

o

ɑ

آ

c

k

ک

r

r

ر

a

ə

اِ

c

s

س

y

i

ای

(طبقه اشراف)

آریستوکراسی

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

royalty

اسم

/rɔɪəl.ti/ or /رُیِل.تی/

r

r

ر

o

ɔ

آ~اُ

y

ɪ

ای~اِ

a

ə

اِ

l

l

ل

t

t

ت

y

i

ای

خاندان سلطنتی

kings and queens and any member of their families

infrastructure

اسم

/ɪnf.rə.strək.ʧɜr/ or /اینف.رِ.اِسترِک.چِر/

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

n

n

ن

f

f

ف

r

r

ر

a

ə

اِ

s

s

س

t

t

ت

r

r

ر

u

ə

اِ

c

k

ک

t

ʧ

چ

u

ɜ

اِ

r

r

ر

e

زیرساخت

the basic physical structures and systems that support and enable the functioning of a society or organization, such as roads and bridges

legitimacy

اسم

/lə.ʤɪ.tə.mə.si/ or /لِ.جی.تِ.مِ.سی/

l

l

ل

e

ə

اِ

g

ʤ

ج

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

t

t

ت

i

ə

اِ

m

m

م

a

ə

اِ

c

s

س

y

i

ای

(قانونیت)

مشروعیت

the state of being valid, justifiable, or morally acceptable

theory of mind

اسم

/θˈiəɹi ʌv mˈaɪnd/

(نظریه اندیشه)

نظریه ذهن

the understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives that are different from one's own

civil disobedience

اسم

/sˈɪvəl dˌɪsoʊbˈiːdiəns/

(اطاعت نکردن مدنی)

نافرمانی مدنی

the deliberate and nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government or authority, typically as a form of protest

nonconformity

اسم

/ˌnɑnkənˈfɔɹməti/

(سازگاری‌ناپذیری)

ناهمخوانی

the behavior or attitude that does not follow established norms, conventions, or expectations within a society or group

outcast

اسم

/aʊt.kæst/ or /آوت.کَست/

o

a

آ

u

ʊ

او~اُ

t

t

ت

c

k

ک

a

æ

اَ

s

s

س

t

t

ت

(رد شده)

تنها

a person who has been rejected or excluded from a social group or society, often due to their behavior, beliefs, or social status

refugee

اسم

/rɛ.fju.ʤi/ or /رِ.فیو.جی/

r

r

ر

e

ɛ

اِ

f

f

ف

u

ju

یاو

g

ʤ

ج

ee

i

ای

(آواره)

پناهنده

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

commune

اسم

/kɑ.mjun/ or /کا.میون/

c

k

ک

o

ɑ

آ

mm

m

م

u

ju

یاو

n

n

ن

e

(کمیون)

شهرداری

a local administrative unit in certain countries, functioning as the smallest division of government

parish

اسم

/pæ.rɪʃ/ or /پَ.ریش/

p

p

پ

a

æ

اَ

r

r

ر

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

sh

ʃ

ش

ناحیه کلیسای محلی

an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

caste

اسم

/kæst/ or /کَست/

c

k

ک

a

æ

اَ

s

s

س

t

t

ت

e

نظام اجتماعی برپایه‌ی تمایزات طبقاتی

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

echelon

اسم

/ɛ.ʃə.lɑn/ or /اِ.شِ.لان/

e

ɛ

اِ

ch

ʃ

ش

e

ə

اِ

l

l

ل

o

ɑ

آ

n

n

ن

(درجه)

سطح

a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society, indicating a person's status or authority within that hierarchy

station

اسم

/steɪ.ʃən/ or /اِستِی.شِن/

s

s

س

t

t

ت

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

t

ʃ

ش

io

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

(مقام)

ایستگاه

a person's social rank or position within a structured hierarchy or society

classist

صفت

/klæ.sɪst/ or /کلَ.سیست/

c

k

ک

l

l

ل

a

æ

اَ

ss

s

س

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

s

s

س

t

t

ت

(طبقه‌محور)

طبقات‌گرا

marked by discrimination against or prejudice toward individuals or groups based on their social class

humble

صفت

/həm.bəl/ or /هِم.بِل/

h

h

ه

u

ə

اِ

m

m

م

b

b

ب

ə

اِ

l

l

ل

e

(اندکی خوار)

متواضع

having a low social rank or position, often characterized by modesty

socioeconomic

صفت

/soʊ.sioʊɛk.nɑ.mɪk/ or /سُو.سیُوِک.نا.میک/

s

s

س

o

oʊ

اُاو~اُ

c

s

س

ioe

ioʊɛ

ایاُاو~اُاِ

c

k

ک

o

n

n

ن

o

ɑ

آ

m

m

م

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

c

k

ک

اجتماعی-اقتصادی

referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

indigenous

صفت

/ɪn.dɪ.ʤə.nəs/ or /این.دی.جِ.نِس/

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

n

n

ن

d

d

د

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

g

ʤ

ج

e

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

ou

ə

اِ

s

s

س

(سرزمینی)

بومی

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

humanitarian

صفت

/hju.mæ.nə.tɛ.riən/ or /هیو.مَ.نِ.تِ.ریِن/

h

h

ه

u

ju

یاو

m

m

م

a

æ

اَ

n

n

ن

i

ə

اِ

t

t

ت

a

ɛ

اِ

r

r

ر

ia

iə

ایاِ

n

n

ن

(انسان‌دوستانه)

بشردوستانه

involved in or related to helping people who are in need to improve their living conditions

cosmopolitan

صفت

/kɑz.mə.pɑ.lə.tən/ or /کاز.مِ.پا.لِ.تِن/

c

k

ک

o

ɑ

آ

s

z

ز

m

m

م

o

ə

اِ

p

p

پ

o

ɑ

آ

l

l

ل

i

ə

اِ

t

t

ت

a

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

(چندفرهنگی)

چندملیتی

including a wide range of people with different nationalities and cultures

utopian

صفت

/ju.toʊ.piən/ or /یو.تُو.پیِن/

u

ju

یاو

t

t

ت

o

oʊ

اُاو~اُ

p

p

پ

ia

iə

ایاِ

n

n

ن

(وابسته به آرمان‌شهر)

آرمان‌شهری

referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

progressive

صفت

/prəg.rɛ.sɪv/ or /پرِگ.رِ.سیو/

p

p

پ

r

r

ر

o

ə

اِ

g

g

گ

r

r

ر

e

ɛ

اِ

ss

s

س

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

v

v

و

e

(توسعه‌گرا)

پیشرو

advocating for social, political, or economic reform and improvement

militant

صفت

/mɪ.lə.tənt/ or /می.لِ.تِنت/

m

m

م

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

l

l

ل

i

ə

اِ

t

t

ت

a

ə

اِ

n

n

ن

t

t

ت

(جنگ‌طلب)

متخاصم

displaying violent acts for the sake of a social or political aim

to census

فعل

/sɛn.səs/ or /سِن.سِس/

c

s

س

e

ɛ

اِ

n

n

ن

s

s

س

u

ə

اِ

s

s

س

سرشماری کردن

to systematically collect and record demographic data about a population

to assimilate

فعل

/ə.sɪ.mə.leɪt/ or /اِ.سی.مِ.لِیت/

a

ə

اِ

ss

s

س

i

ɪ

ای~اِ

m

m

م

i

ə

اِ

l

l

ل

a

eɪ

اِای~اِ

t

t

ت

e

شبیه به محیط شدن

to integrate into a new environment, often by adopting its language, norms, values, and practices