https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=b2Zm&hash=1a7c861080497b81f5e15782a2f3bd3b29ea3438&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

mountainous

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bW91bnRhaW5vdXM&hash=cc9bff8b3514dfed79500c79e4b3bfbdb7eb9752&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

steep

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c3RlZXA&hash=1d2d76f61f8c73695c65d9297a048cd65d10e5aa&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

rocky

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cm9ja3k&hash=f2c10cf473e4643361587c6b370a48ccb63a7139&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

slope

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c2xvcGU&hash=08564a409cb08ab493a9619d2ad235b6899057a3&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

wooded

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=d29vZGVk&hash=092ea6af917e12ac72adb59cd181dc387c859bcc&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

ravine

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cmF2aW5l&hash=8240a1438813296f99aac6ef4039499fdb83a42e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

whistle

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=d2hpc3RsZQ&hash=33f3fb68d17d3425d877608d14f5fbc977af6e0e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

means

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bWVhbnM&hash=89fda0eba378e3997e8be5cb391f7da2de1077a8&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to transmit

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gdHJhbnNtaXQ&hash=1783a97fd8ac9e160851e9669a41065ab0023fcb&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

terrain

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dGVycmFpbg&hash=8e6e49aa0a539e2411390fe457692628b9d2b184&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

The idiom "shed light on something" comes from the literal act of illuminating something to make it visible or clearer. Historically, before the advent of electric lighting, people used candles, lanterns, or other sources of light to see in the dark. This practical need to illuminate objects and surroundings naturally extended into metaphorical use. Thus, "shedding light" on a subject came to mean providing insight or clarity, helping to understand or reveal information that was previously obscure or hidden.

What is the origin of the idiom "shed light on something" and when to use it?

to [shed] light on {sth}

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gc2hlZCBsaWdodCBvbiBzb21ldGhpbmc&hash=7f291646224460a3dbfbbe5a0912c738cb0c0dab&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to associate

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gYXNzb2NpYXRl&hash=f85f56431554447867a2d232407cd40ab55a852f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

remarkably

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cmVtYXJrYWJseQ&hash=2578e5b97efacd44efe89a9924a29442cfc7702e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

flexible

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZmxleGlibGU&hash=72b23b126db4e2314fc753e2bb98469d4e6647d4&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to interpret

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gaW50ZXJwcmV0&hash=da77a36667cb998546f06f80c408fe5b642ed1eb&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

scope

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c2NvcGU&hash=2e09d7fd2bd1852529bb443362b540e014c2f638&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to recognize

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gcmVjb2duaXpl&hash=171caa2f2c5ab282b870dbffeb1d6eea5e9c1d62&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

A co-author is a person who collaborates with one or more individuals to write a book, article, or other written work. Co-authors share responsibilities for creating the content, contributing their expertise, and revising the manuscript. They work together to develop ideas, conduct research, and finalize the text. The credit for the work is typically shared among all co-authors, reflecting their joint efforts in producing the final publication.

Who is a "co-author"?

co-author

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y28tYXV0aG9y&hash=3d6a7faff4647b37ec5fc59b97fb8dad5eaa5b4b&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

associate professor

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=YXNzb2NpYXRlIHByb2Zlc3Nvcg&hash=b104937552d59f44fc3223cfc8ee908ae14affe5&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

substitute

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c3Vic3RpdHV0ZQ&hash=3b260c53091e2d9bacf59d4ceec5710acdf1acce&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

individual

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aW5kaXZpZHVhbA&hash=2dfda56ba7a4cd56ab592205699367e2b889d099&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

Frequency refers to the number of times a wave or signal repeats in a given period, typically measured in cycles per second or Hertz (Hz). In the context of radio, television, or other electromagnetic waves, frequency determines the type of wave and its ability to carry data. For example, higher frequencies, like those in the gigahertz range, are used for things like Wi-Fi and mobile networks, while lower frequencies are often used for AM and FM radio. The frequency of a signal impacts its range, clarity, and how it interacts with the environment.

What is "frequency"?

frequency

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZnJlcXVlbmN5&hash=5ce12210a7cd57cf7c4a4f6e6774369082b78e4a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

Tone in music refers to the quality or character of a sound that distinguishes it from other sounds. It encompasses aspects such as pitch, timbre, and volume. Tone helps define how a note or sound is perceived, whether it is bright, warm, harsh, or smooth. It is influenced by the instrument or voice producing the sound and how it is played or sung. Tone contributes to the overall mood and expression of the music.

What is "tone"?

tone

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG9uZQ&hash=cc2e6747547bac8e75689900cb4894a8006c735a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

Pitch refers to the degree of highness or lowness of a sound, which is determined by the frequency of the sound waves that produce it. Higher frequencies result in higher pitches, while lower frequencies produce lower pitches. For example, a whistle has a high pitch due to its rapid vibrations, whereas a bass drum produces a low pitch because of slower vibrations. Pitch plays a crucial role in music and language, as it helps convey meaning, emotion, and musical notes, contributing to the overall experience of sound.

What is "pitch"?

pitch

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cGl0Y2g&hash=764daf0488ee92cb0b78403dbcd759fc9bf6beec&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to cup

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gY3Vw&hash=a99ffaf6248d535bc64ab5b551ab01ff4f421286&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to adjust

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gYWRqdXN0&hash=f67a99b9cff6792a59c75ac96b0b6276e6ed31a8&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

direction

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZGlyZWN0aW9u&hash=12dd6074b4dfe3197d8d1613c2d28435edbce327&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

ambiguity

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=YW1iaWd1aXR5&hash=f99ccf9477a4864004e6da2179d1098fded113ab&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to distinguish

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gZGlzdGluZ3Vpc2g&hash=f78259d3183b13ab8c5b8992c531370557f81d71&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

repetition

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cmVwZXRpdGlvbg&hash=8c066b166f3fcd3eb791b758d9456d2260ea69a0&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

context

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y29udGV4dA&hash=9ce85f0899b727ffe1e2018de69185dd44d7a1dc&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to [make] {oneself} understood

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gbWFrZSBvbmVzZWxmIHVuZGVyc3Rvb2Q&hash=0a0dd7362c598365fae9536a64b2aadbdc5525f4&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

shepherd

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c2hlcGhlcmQ&hash=b395010cf34a017b7ceb66ec1a43443edf2a23bc&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

folk

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Zm9saw&hash=4b985230359a1e3878198532299adfa4922fecd3&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

novel

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bm92ZWw&hash=173d93f61b27e5e401d2351d82bea2f0e928a247&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

up to

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dXAgdG8&hash=db0ad28e4ec7f44b2ffe1d672cce11744f7dc4ba&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dmlh&hash=9b5a10f5c0a5327b7326b18e3073ad73caace0b8&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

command

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y29tbWFuZA&hash=eedb2ce8e186a6d23ed88c06c38fa1fc10f0c63e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

neuroimaging

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bmV1cm9pbWFnaW5n&hash=9129aab63274bc06406246e677f29a0dbda99d0f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

to contrast

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gY29udHJhc3Q&hash=19ee91dfe36fbffe98cf46e59765d5c76115192f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

The temporal lobe, located on the side of the brain, is involved in various functions including auditory processing, memory consolidation, language comprehension, and emotional responses. It plays a key role in interpreting sounds, understanding spoken language, and forming new memories. Additionally, the temporal lobe contributes to the recognition of faces and the perception of visual stimuli.

What is "temporal lobe"?

temporal lobe

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dGVtcG9yYWwgbG9iZQ&hash=ed327032829fb95615d1f75280784d82aaebcfca&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

The frontal lobe is a major division of the brain located at the front of the cerebral cortex. It plays a crucial role in various cognitive functions, including decision-making, problem-solving, planning, and motor control. The frontal lobe also contributes to personality, emotions, and social behavior, making it an essential component of our overall cognitive and behavioral functioning.

What is "frontal lobe"?

frontal lobe

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZnJvbnRhbCBsb2Jl&hash=e559fb7a06c509b3df2653895d8767ea99eeb792&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to respond

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gcmVzcG9uZA&hash=06d0886f878a69ce232e3ffd00529b9dfd82fbd9&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

in response to

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aW4gcmVzcG9uc2UgdG8&hash=9a0e89a25faa609d3bdb5243add4d6b2566c9a6f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

capacity

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y2FwYWNpdHk&hash=0c254608dfe7389bb329b01de2b94cf6100a6e0f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

left hemisphere

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bGVmdCBoZW1pc3BoZXJl&hash=57f129c2e9901d3cac0d156c777b3903ec2fc4fc&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

independent

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aW5kZXBlbmRlbnQ&hash=65e731a4fd3bbef10aa651308e98da07492490d9&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

Modality in linguistics refers to the way speakers express attitudes, possibilities, necessities, or obligations regarding an action or situation. It is often conveyed through modal verbs such as "can," "must," or "should." For example, "She can go" expresses possibility, while "She must go" indicates necessity. Modality allows speakers to communicate their stance on the likelihood, desirability, or obligation of events, adding layers of meaning to sentences. It is essential in shaping how actions or situations are understood, giving flexibility and nuance to language.

What is "modality"?

modality

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bW9kYWxpdHk&hash=7e3cfc332063b2af96087911992096a61e4723b9&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

origin

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=b3JpZ2lu&hash=179f608f5c8e436b43cb375b07ccdc3a79672054&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

obscure

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=b2JzY3VyZQ&hash=8399e5ae0c993563d9a30b511afa928278af6050&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

indigenous

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aW5kaWdlbm91cw&hash=10f57eb66353df50e52488f19ee72b692193c643&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to conquer

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gY29ucXVlcg&hash=0ab7a3d5d48690b4524bd3efb467e6d52ebe3b28&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

pocket

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cG9ja2V0&hash=cf2239d6797f4d3cc2408d4e17c33312fbb8a38a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

isolated

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aXNvbGF0ZWQ&hash=7df9354a7dc9ecf523dd5783eadbe8fb3a5c1b0d&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to threaten

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gdGhyZWF0ZW4&hash=f4c9531a72e92861d8a175006108a7ababfa748a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

extinction

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZXh0aW5jdGlvbg&hash=65bef7bdf2c0bdc377da44e098fd6f6eab6ea35c&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

dwindling

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZHdpbmRsaW5n&hash=56c5acbbd1f0ef7adba16f75f9f7e616cd304b21&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

islander

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aXNsYW5kZXI&hash=07d98287c19d728c753c5af66149dbacb5be13c1&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to [take] a step

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gdGFrZSBhIHN0ZXA&hash=0969ffa5b918084a713f94d62df694c004d8c184&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

Elementary school refers to the first stage of formal education, typically covering grades 1 through 5 or 6, depending on the country. It provides a foundational education for children, usually between the ages of 6 and 11. During this period, students learn core subjects such as reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies. Elementary school focuses not only on academic knowledge but also on developing social skills, emotional growth, and basic problem-solving abilities. It is the beginning of the school system, designed to prepare children for higher levels of education in middle and high schools.

What is "elementary school"?

elementary school

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZWxlbWVudGFyeSBzY2hvb2w&hash=ab17e29ac259a115c2f3337c3b0577dc6c28e894&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to declare

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gZGVjbGFyZQ&hash=b1595acef15d940d43d74d8393a248691fe7e59f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to preserve

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gcHJlc2VydmU&hash=75375beeecf2db59db6e7149a5b6180225d81a8f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

under threat

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dW5kZXIgdGhyZWF0&hash=9ad44ba8cc4803c479e59169910b934c2ffd289d&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

Here you can find the vocabulary from Test 4 - Reading - Passage 2 in the Cambridge IELTS 15 - Academic coursebook, to help you prepare for your IELTS exam.

Cambridge IELTS 15 - Académique "Test 4 - Lecture - Passage 2" Vocabulaire