A reference work is a type of book or resource that provides factual information on a specific subject. These works are used to look up details, verify information, or find quick answers to questions. Examples of reference works include encyclopedias, dictionaries, atlases, and handbooks. They are typically organized for easy access and are often used for research, study, or general information. Reference works are valued for their accuracy and comprehensiveness in covering a wide range of topics.

What is a "reference work"?

reference work

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An almanac is a type of reference book that provides a wide range of useful information for a particular year. It typically includes data such as calendars, weather forecasts, astronomical events, holidays, and statistical information on various subjects. Almanacs may also contain articles, historical events, and other relevant information. They are designed to be a handy source of facts and figures for quick reference throughout the year.

What is an "almanac"?

almanac

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An encyclopedia is a comprehensive reference work that provides detailed information on a wide range of topics. It is organized alphabetically or thematically and offers entries on various subjects, including history, science, culture, and more. Encyclopedias aim to provide reliable and accurate information, often written by experts in each field. They can be published in multiple volumes or as a single volume and are used for research, study, and general knowledge.

What is an "encyclopedia"?

encyclopedia

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A chronicle is a detailed and factual account of events, often presented in chronological order. It records significant occurrences and developments over a period of time, providing a historical record of what happened. Chronicles can cover various topics, such as historical events, personal experiences, or the evolution of a particular subject. They are often used to document and preserve information for future reference and understanding.

What is a "chronicle"?

chronicle

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A consumer report is a publication that provides evaluations and comparisons of products or services. These reports typically include reviews, ratings, and detailed information about performance, quality, and value. They are designed to help consumers make informed decisions by offering objective and reliable assessments based on testing and research. Consumer reports often cover a wide range of items, from electronics and appliances to vehicles and financial services.

What is a "consumer report"?

consumer report

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A dictionary is a reference book that provides definitions, pronunciations, and other information about words. It typically includes entries organized alphabetically, with each entry offering details such as the word’s meaning, usage, and grammatical information. Dictionaries may also provide information on word origins, synonyms, and antonyms. They are used to understand and clarify the meanings and correct usage of words in both written and spoken language.

What is a "dictionary"?

dictionary

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A thesaurus is a reference book that provides lists of synonyms and antonyms for words. Unlike a dictionary, which defines words, a thesaurus helps users find alternative words with similar meanings or opposite meanings. It is useful for expanding vocabulary, avoiding repetition, and finding the most precise word to express a particular idea. A thesaurus organizes words according to their meanings, often grouping synonyms and antonyms together.

What is a "thesaurus"?

thesaurus

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A business directory is a reference tool that lists information about various businesses, including their names, addresses, phone numbers, and sometimes additional details such as services offered or website links. It helps individuals and organizations find contact information and details about companies within a specific industry, location, or category. Business directories can be published in print or accessed online, and they are often used for networking, marketing, and locating service providers.

What is a "business directory"?

business directory

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A telephone directory is a reference book that lists phone numbers and contact details for individuals and businesses within a specific area. It typically includes names, addresses, and phone numbers, organized alphabetically by name or by category. Some directories may also include additional information such as business services or emergency contacts. Telephone directories help people find and connect with others by providing essential contact information, and they are available in both printed and digital formats.

What is a "telephone directory"?

telephone directory

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A handbook is a reference book that provides concise and practical information on a specific topic or field. It is designed to offer guidelines, instructions, and essential details in an accessible format. Handbooks are often used for quick reference and can cover a wide range of subjects, including professional practices, technical procedures, or general knowledge. They aim to provide users with practical advice and useful information that can be easily consulted when needed.

What is a "handbook"?

handbook

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A yearbook is a reference book published annually that provides a record of events, achievements, and notable occurrences for a specific year. It often includes information about individuals, organizations, and events within a particular community, institution, or field. Yearbooks typically feature photographs, summaries of significant events, and updates on developments or changes over the year. They serve as a way to document and remember key moments and milestones from that year.

What is a "yearbook"?

yearbook

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A quotation is a statement that provides an estimate of the cost for a specific service or piece of work. It details the anticipated price based on the requirements and scope of the project or service. A quotation typically includes a breakdown of costs and any terms or conditions associated with the price. It is used to inform clients or customers of the expected expenses before committing to the work or service.

What is a "quotation"?

quotation

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An autobiography is a book or account in which a person writes about their own life experiences and personal history. It provides details about the individual's background, achievements, and significant events from their own perspective. Autobiographies often include reflections on key moments, personal growth, and the impact of various experiences on the author's life. The purpose of an autobiography is to share one's own story with readers, offering insights into their life and character.

What is an "autobiography"?

autobiography

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A biography is a detailed account of a person's life, written by someone else. It covers various aspects of the individual's life, including their background, achievements, experiences, and significant events. A biography aims to provide a comprehensive view of the person's life and impact, often highlighting their contributions, struggles, and personal growth. It can be written about historical figures, public personalities, or ordinary individuals, offering insights into their life story and character.

What is a "biography"?

biography

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A confession is a personal account where an individual reveals private or significant details about their life, actions, or experiences. This genre often involves the author admitting to past mistakes, misdeeds, or personal struggles, and it provides an intimate look into their thoughts and motivations. Confessions can cover a wide range of topics, including personal guilt, transformative experiences, or revelations about one's behavior. The goal is to offer an honest and sometimes raw perspective on the author's life or actions.

What is a "confession"?

confession

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A diary is a personal record where an individual regularly writes about their daily experiences, thoughts, and feelings. It is often used to document events, reflections, and personal observations. Diaries can provide insights into the writer’s daily life and emotional state, serving as a private space for self-expression and recording personal history. They are typically written in a chronological format and can vary in detail and length, depending on the writer's preferences and the purpose of the diary.

What is a "diary"?

diary

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A log is a written record that details events and activities during a voyage or flight. It is typically maintained by a ship's captain, crew, or an aircraft pilot and includes information such as navigation details, weather conditions, and significant occurrences. The log helps keep track of the journey's progress, important decisions, and any unusual events that happen during the trip. It serves as an official record for reference and accountability.

What is a "log"?

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A memoir is a type of personal narrative that explores specific events or periods from a person's life. It focuses on sharing the author’s own experiences, reflections, and insights about those times. Rather than covering an entire life, a memoir delves into particular moments or themes, offering a detailed and personal perspective on how these experiences shaped the author's life. It aims to provide readers with an intimate understanding of the author's journey and the significance of the experiences described.

What is a "memoir"?

memoir

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An epistle is a letter written by an apostle, who is one of the early leaders and followers of Jesus Christ, to Christian communities or individuals. These letters offer teachings, guidance, and encouragement on matters of faith, conduct, and theology. They address specific issues faced by the recipients and provide insight into Christian beliefs and practices, helping to shape the teachings and organization of the early church.

What is an "epistle"?

epistle

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A letter is a written or printed message that is typically sent from one person to another. It can be formal or informal and is often used for communication when a direct conversation is not possible. Letters are usually written on paper, but they can also be sent digitally through email or messaging platforms. They may convey personal thoughts, official information, requests, or invitations. Traditionally, letters were delivered by post or courier services, but with advancements in technology, electronic letters have become more common due to their speed and convenience.

What is a "letter"?

letter

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An epitaph is a brief inscription or statement, typically found on a gravestone or memorial, that honors and commemorates a deceased person. It usually includes the person's name, dates of birth and death, and a short message or tribute that reflects their life, achievements, or qualities. Epitaphs are meant to serve as a lasting tribute, offering a glimpse into the individual's life and the impact they had on others.

What is an "epitaph"?

epitaph

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Literary criticism is the analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of literary works. It involves examining texts to understand their meaning, structure, themes, and significance. Literary criticism explores various aspects of literature, including style, character development, and cultural or historical context. Critics use different approaches and theories to assess how well a work achieves its artistic goals and how it relates to broader literary traditions and social issues. The goal of literary criticism is to provide deeper insights into literature and enhance readers' understanding and appreciation of texts.

What is "literary criticism"?

literary criticism

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A book report is a summary and analysis of a book, typically written by a student or reader. It includes a brief overview of the book's plot, characters, and main themes, as well as the reader's personal reflections and opinions. Book reports often aim to convey the book's main points and assess its effectiveness, providing insights into the story and its impact on the reader. They may also include an evaluation of the author's writing style and the book's contribution to its genre or subject matter.

What is a "book report"?

book report

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A book review is a critical assessment of a book that provides an overview of its content, themes, and style. It usually includes a summary of the book's plot or main arguments, an evaluation of the author's writing and approach, and a discussion of the book's strengths and weaknesses. Book reviews aim to offer readers insights into the book's quality and relevance, helping them decide whether to read it. Reviews may also consider the book's impact, its place within its genre, and its contribution to literature or its field.

What is a "book review"?

book review

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A review is an evaluation or critique of a book, film, play, or other work, which assesses its quality and overall value. It typically includes a detailed analysis of various elements such as plot, performance, direction, or writing, and provides an opinion on whether the work is worth experiencing. Reviews are often published in newspapers, magazines, or online platforms, offering readers or viewers guidance on what to expect and helping them decide whether to engage with the work.

What is a "review"?

review

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An apologia is a formal written or spoken defense or explanation of one's actions, beliefs, or opinions. It is often used to justify or clarify a position or decision, addressing criticisms or misunderstandings. Unlike a simple apology, which expresses regret for a mistake, an apologia aims to provide a reasoned argument or explanation for one's stance, often to persuade others or to clear up misconceptions.

What is an "apologia"?

apologia

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A polemic is a written or spoken argument that strongly attacks or defends a particular idea, belief, or position. It is typically characterized by a passionate and confrontational style, aimed at challenging or criticizing opposing viewpoints. Polemics are used to persuade others to adopt a different perspective or to highlight flaws in an opposing argument.

What is a "polemic"?

polemic

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An essay is a short piece of writing that explores a specific topic or argument. It presents a writer's thoughts, analysis, or perspective on the subject, often structured with an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Essays aim to inform, persuade, or entertain, and they can vary in style and purpose, including analytical, descriptive, argumentative, or reflective types. The goal of an essay is to clearly communicate ideas and support them with evidence or reasoning.

What is an "essay"?

essay

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A history book is a written work that provides a detailed account of past events, people, and societies. It explores historical developments, contexts, and narratives, aiming to inform readers about how historical events have shaped the present. History books often include analysis, interpretations, and discussions of primary and secondary sources, offering insights into different periods, cultures, or significant occurrences. They are used for learning about history, understanding historical patterns, and gaining a broader perspective on past and present issues.

What is a "history book"?

history book

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An academic text is a type of writing intended for scholarly or educational purposes. It is typically characterized by its formal style, detailed analysis, and thorough research. Academic texts include books, articles, theses, and papers that contribute to a specific field of study or discipline. They often present evidence, arguments, and theoretical frameworks, and are intended to advance knowledge or understanding of a subject. These texts are usually written by experts and are often used in educational settings or for professional research.

What is an "academic text"?

academic text

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A scholarly paper is a formal document written to contribute to academic research or knowledge in a particular field. It typically includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, and discussion sections. Scholarly papers present original research, analysis, or critical review, and are often published in academic journals. They are intended for an audience of scholars, researchers, and students and aim to advance understanding, offer new insights, or challenge existing theories. Scholarly papers are characterized by their rigorous research, detailed evidence, and adherence to academic standards.

What is a "scholarly paper"?

scholarly paper

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A scientific paper is a detailed report of original research or experimentation in a specific field of science. It typically includes sections such as an abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, and references. Scientific papers present new findings, analyze data, and discuss their implications. They are usually published in scientific journals and are intended for researchers, scientists, and professionals in the field. The goal of a scientific paper is to share new knowledge, contribute to the scientific community, and advance understanding in the subject area.

What is a "scientific paper"?

scientific paper

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A monograph is a detailed, scholarly work focused on a single subject or specific aspect of a topic. It is typically written by one author or a small group of authors and provides an in-depth analysis or comprehensive study. Monographs are often used in academic and research settings to present original research findings, theoretical discussions, or extensive reviews on a particular area of interest. They are valued for their thoroughness and specialized content, offering readers a deep understanding of the subject matter.

What is a "monograph"?

monograph

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A scientific journal is a periodical publication that features articles reporting on original research, reviews, and other scientific findings. It serves as a platform for scientists and researchers to share their work with the scientific community. Scientific journals are typically peer-reviewed, meaning that submitted articles are evaluated by experts in the field before publication to ensure accuracy and quality. These journals cover various disciplines, providing valuable insights, advancements, and discussions on current scientific topics. They are essential resources for staying up-to-date with developments in specific areas of science.

What is a "scientific journal"?

scientific journal

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A treaty is a formal, legally binding agreement between two or more parties, typically countries or governments. It is used to regulate relationships and cooperation on various issues, such as trade, defense, or environmental protection. Treaties are negotiated and signed by representatives of the parties involved and often require approval by each party's governing body to become effective. They establish specific terms and conditions that the parties agree to follow and can address a wide range of topics and concerns.

What is a "treaty"?

treaty

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An edited volume is a collection of academic essays or articles compiled and organized by one or more editors. Each contribution is written by different authors on a related topic or theme. The editors are responsible for selecting, arranging, and sometimes revising the content to ensure it aligns with the book's focus and maintains scholarly quality. Edited volumes provide a comprehensive exploration of a subject through diverse perspectives and expertise.

What is an "edited volume"?

edited volume

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Conference proceedings are a collection of papers, presentations, or reports presented at an academic or professional conference. They compile the research and discussions shared during the event, often including summaries of presentations, full-length papers, and sometimes posters. Conference proceedings are published to document and share the findings and insights from the conference, providing a record of the latest developments and discussions in a specific field. They are useful for researchers, practitioners, and attendees who want to review or reference the conference content.

What are "conference proceedings"?

conference proceedings

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A news story is a report on recent events or developments, typically published in newspapers, online news sites, or broadcast media. It provides information about current events, issues, or topics of public interest. News stories are written to inform readers or viewers about what happened, why it is important, and the impact it may have. They usually include facts, quotes, and context to give a clear and accurate account of the event or situation.

What is a "news story"?

news story

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An editorial is a type of article in a newspaper, magazine, or other publication that expresses the opinion of the editor or the publication's editorial team on a specific issue or topic. It offers analysis, commentary, or criticism and is intended to influence public opinion or spark discussion. Editorials are usually written to reflect the publication's stance on current events, policies, or social issues, and they aim to provide a thoughtful perspective on the subject matter.

What is an "editorial"?

editorial

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An opinion piece is an article that expresses the personal views or beliefs of the writer on a particular topic. It offers the writer's perspective, analysis, or argument about current events, issues, or policies. Unlike news stories, which aim to present facts objectively, opinion pieces are subjective and are intended to persuade or provoke thought among readers. They are often found in editorial sections of newspapers, magazines, or online platforms.

What is an "opinion piece"?

opinion piece

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A manifesto is a public declaration of principles, goals, or intentions, often issued by an individual, group, or organization. It outlines their beliefs, values, and plans for action or change, typically aiming to inspire or mobilize support. Manifestos are used in various contexts, including politics, social movements, and artistic movements, to communicate a vision or set of objectives and to influence public opinion or behavior.

What is a "manifesto"?

manifesto

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Here you will learn some English words related to nonfiction genres such as "manifesto", "editorial", and "memoir".

Mots anglais pour "Genres de non-fiction"