Histoire

ice age

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(ère glaciaire)

période glaciaire

/ˈaɪs ˈeɪdʒ/

nom

one of the periods in history when ice covered large parts of the world

glacial epoch

glacial period

Exemple

Human populations during the ice age had to adapt to extremely cold temperatures and harsh environments.

The woolly mammoth and saber-toothed tiger were iconic animals of the ice age.

Scientists study ice cores to understand the climate changes that occurred during the ice age.

antiquity

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antiquité

/ænˈtɪkwəti/

nom

the historical period before the Middle Ages, especially before the sixth century when Greeks and Romans were the most prosperous

Exemple

Antiquity refers to the period in history before the Middle Ages, encompassing the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome.

Philosophers and scholars from antiquity, such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, made profound contributions to Western thought and philosophy.

The decline of the Roman Empire marked the end of antiquity and the beginning of the Middle Ages, as Europe entered a period of political fragmentation and cultural change.

dark ages

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Haut Moyen Âge

/dˈɑːɹk ˈeɪdʒᵻz/

nom

the era in European history commenced at the end of the Roman Empire in AD 476 and lasted until AD 1000

Middle Ages

the Middle Ages

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Moyen Âge

/ðə mˈɪdəl ˈeɪdʒᵻz/

nom

an era in European history, between about AD 1000 and AD 1500, when the authority of kings, people of high rank, and the Christian Church was unquestionable

Dark Ages

Exemple

Castles and knights are iconic symbols of life during the Middle Ages.

Many important universities and centers of learning were established in Europe during the Middle Ages.

The Middle Ages saw the spread of Gothic architecture, evident in the grand cathedrals built during this time.

Iron Age

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âge du fer

/ˈaɪɚn ˈeɪdʒ/

nom

the period that began about 1100 BC when people used iron tools for the first time

Exemple

During the Iron Age, many societies saw significant advancements in agriculture, warfare, and architecture.

Archaeologists found an Iron Age village with well-preserved iron artifacts and structures.

The Iron Age followed the Bronze Age and was marked by the widespread use of iron for tools and weapons.

Bronze Age

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l'âge de bronze

/bɹˈɑːnz ˈeɪdʒ/

nom

the period when iron was not discovered and people used bronze to make tools

Exemple

The Bronze Age marked a significant advancement in human technology with the development of metalworking skills.

During the Bronze Age, civilizations like Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt saw the rise of complex societies and urban centers.

Trade flourished during the Bronze Age, as cultures exchanged bronze goods, ideas, and innovations across vast distances.

christian era

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ère chrétienne

/kɹˈɪstʃən ˈiəɹə/

nom

the period that began with Christ's birth

Common era

paleontology

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paléontologie

/ˌpeɪɫiənˈtɑɫədʒi/

nom

the branch of science that studies fossils

fossilology

Exemple

Paleontology has revealed fascinating details about the prehistoric creatures that roamed the Earth millions of years ago.

Through paleontology, researchers have gained insights into the mass extinction events that have shaped the history of life on our planet.

The university offers a paleontology course that covers the study of fossils, evolutionary biology, and ancient ecosystems.

jurassic

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jurassique

/dʒʊˈɹæsɪk/

nom

relating to the period between around 208 to 146 million years ago, when the largest known dinosaurs lived

cretaceous

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du Crétacé

/kɹɪˈteɪʃɪs/

nom

relating to the period between approximately 146 and 65 million years ago, when dinosaurs lived (until their extinction)

hellenistic

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hellénistique

/ˌhɛɫəˈnɪstɪk/

nom

relating to Greek history, language, and culture, especially the era from the death of Alexander the Great to the defeat of Cleopatra and Mark Antony in 31 BC, during which Greek culture thrived considerably

Hellenic

Hellenistical

Enlightenment

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les Lumières

/ˌɛnˈɫaɪtənmənt/

nom

a philosophical movement in the late 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason and science were of more importance than tradition and religion

Age of Reason

archaic

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archaïque

/ɑɹˈkeɪɪk/

nom

dating back to the ancient past

primitive

Exemple

Her research focuses on archaic art forms from the early Mesopotamian era.

The archaic weaponry, such as spears and shields, was used by warriors in ancient battles.

Scholars study archaic symbols found in prehistoric cave paintings.

barbarian

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barbare

/bɑɹˈbɛɹiən/

nom

a person who was not a member of a great civilization (Greek, Roman, Christian) and was believed to be savage and uncivil

savage

Exemple

The Roman Empire viewed the tribes beyond its borders as barbarians, lacking the sophistication and culture of Roman civilization.

to chronicle

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(rapporter en détails)

faire la chronique de

/ˈkɹɑnɪkəɫ/

nom

to record a series of historical events in a detailed way by a chronological order

Exemple

The documentary filmmaker chronicles the evolution of jazz music in America.

The journalist chronicles the political upheavals of the past century in her investigative report.

The historian chronicles the rise and fall of ancient civilizations in her latest book.

anachronism

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anachronisme

/əˈnækɹəˌnɪzəm/

nom

an object, person, or event that is out of place in terms of time or context, often appearing in a historical setting before its actual invention or introduction

misdating

mistiming

Exemple

The inclusion of a steam engine in a painting of a medieval village was an artistic anachronism, as steam power did not exist during that period.

In the film set in ancient Rome, the appearance of a wristwatch on one of the characters was a glaring anachronism.

The anachronism of a medieval knight wielding a firearm in a historical reenactment drew criticism from historians and enthusiasts for its inaccuracies.

archeology

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archéologie

/ˌɑɹkiˈɑɫədʒi/

nom

the study of civilizations of the past and historical periods by the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains

colony

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colonie

/ˈkɑɫəni/

nom

any territory under the full or partial control of another more powerful nation, often occupied by settlers from that nation

dependency

ruin

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ruine

/ˈɹuən/, /ˈɹuɪn/

nom

(plural) the remains of something such as a building after it has been seriously damaged or destroyed

Exemple

The archaeological team discovered the ruins of an ancient city.

The ancient ruins attracted many tourists each year.

They explored the ruins of an old castle during their trip.

circa

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(aux alentours de)

vers

nom

used typically before a date to show that it is not exact

tsar

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tsar

/ˈtsɑɹ/, /ˈzɑɹ/

nom

the king or emperor of Russia prior to 1917

czar

tzar

Exemple

The tsar was the title used by the rulers of Russia before the Russian Revolution of 1917, signifying their absolute authority and sovereignty.

Ivan the Terrible was one of the most famous tsars of Russia, known for his autocratic rule and ruthless tactics against his enemies.

The last tsar of Russia was Nicholas II, who abdicated the throne in 1917 following the February Revolution and was later executed by the Bolsheviks during the Russian Civil War.

the Commonwealth

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Commonwealth

/ˈkɑmənˌwɛɫθ/

nom

the political structure during a period in the history of the UK between 1649 and 1660, called the interregnum, during which the country was ruled without a king or queen