Movimenti artistici: 1901-1945

The Ashcan School was an American art movement that began in the early 20th century, mainly in New York City. It is known for its focus on showing the harsh realities of city life. Main figures of the movement included Robert Henri, George Bellows, and John Sloan. Artists in this movement used bold brushwork and realistic details to show scenes of everyday life, often emphasizing the struggles and liveliness of city streets, working-class neighborhoods, and social issues. Their work aimed to provide an honest and realistic view of life, moving away from depictions that make it seem better or more desirable than it truly is, and offering a more genuine representation of modern city experiences.

The Bloomsbury Group was a group of British artists, writers, and thinkers active in the early 20th century, based in London’s Bloomsbury area. Main members included Virginia Woolf, E.M. Forster, and Duncan Grant. The group is known for its modern and original approach to art and literature. They challenged traditional standards, with artists like Duncan Grant and Vanessa Bell using bold colors and abstract forms, while writers such as Virginia Woolf and E.M. Forster explored personal experiences and social issues with new storytelling techniques. The Bloomsbury Group aimed to go beyond the limits and bring new ideas to their work, focusing on new perspectives and rejecting old rules and standards.

Cubo-Futurism was an art movement that began in Russia in the early 20th century, combining elements of Cubism, which focused on breaking down objects into geometric shapes, and Futurism, which emphasized speed and movement. Artists in this movement, such as Kazimir Malevich and Natalia Goncharova, aimed to represent the liveliness and energy of modern life by breaking down objects into geometric shapes and showing them in motion. Cubo-Futurism emphasized bold colors, broken forms, and a sense of speed and movement, reflecting the quick growth of cities and advances in technology at the time. The movement had a significant role in the development of Russian modern art, mixing abstract forms with a focus on the future and progress.

Der Blaue Reiter was an art movement that began in Germany during the early 20th century. Developed in 1911 by artists Wassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc, this movement focused on expressing emotional and spiritual ideas through abstract and figurative forms. It aimed to go beyond traditional art and explore deeper meanings and personal experiences. Der Blaue Reiter artists used vibrant colors and bold shapes to convey a sense of movement and emotion, getting inspiration from modern, traditional, and classic art. The group aimed to reflect the chaotic changes of their time and to explore individual experiences, significantly impacting the development of abstract art.

De Stijl was an art movement that started in the Netherlands in the early 20th century. It was developed by artists like Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg. The movement is known for its focus on abstract, geometric shapes and a limited range of colors, including the primary colors red, blue, and yellow, along with black, white, and gray. De Stijl aimed to create art that was completely objective and universal, using simple shapes and straight lines to achieve balance and order. The movement had a significant impact on modern art and design, influencing architecture, graphic design, and interior design with its emphasis on clarity and simplicity.

Die Brücke was an art movement that began in Germany in the early 20th century, around 1905. Developed by a group of young artists including Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Fritz Bleyl, and Erich Heckel, the movement is known for its bold use of color and form to express emotional and social issues. Die Brücke aimed to create art that was honest and direct, reflecting the changing world and the struggles of modern life. The artists often used strong colors and dramatic designs to convey their feelings and to show the energy and stress of city life. The movement influenced various forms of modern art with its focus on personal perspective and artistic freedom.

The Group of Seven was a Canadian art movement that began in the 1920s. It was created by a group of artists including Lawren Harris, A.Y. Jackson, and Arthur Lismer. They were known for their vibrant and unique paintings of the Canadian landscape. The group's work focused on showing the natural beauty of Canada, especially its forests, lakes, and mountains, using bold colors and strong brushstrokes. They aimed to create a unique Canadian identity in art by emphasizing the country's varied landscapes. Their paintings often showed the natural and untouched beauty of the world, and their style had a significant impact on Canadian art.

Modernism was an artistic, literary, and cultural movement that started in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It aimed to move away from traditional forms and styles, trying new ideas and techniques to reflect the changes and challenges of modern life. Modernist artists and writers experimented with new approaches, often focusing on abstract or broken forms, and unusual methods to show modern experiences. This movement aimed to challenge traditional standards and explore new perspectives, often emphasizing originality, personal styles, and a shift from past styles. Modernism significantly influenced various fields, including art, literature, architecture, and design, forming how people understood and interacted with the modern world.

Neoclassicism was an art movement that began in the mid-18th century, mainly in Europe. It was inspired by the art and culture of ancient Greece and Rome. Artists and architects of this period focused on simplicity, order, and symmetry, often using clear lines and traditional themes. They aimed to bring back the classic styles of the past, valuing balance and order over the more complex styles of the previous era. Main figures of Neoclassicism included painters like Jacques-Louis David and architects like Robert Adam. The movement aimed to bring back the values of classical age and emphasized clarity and simplicity in both art and architecture.

Primitivism was an art movement that began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which aimed to get inspiration from non-Western and early human cultures. Artists associated with primitivism, such as Paul Gauguin and Henri Rousseau, admired the simplicity and straightforward qualities of art from Africa, Oceania, and native cultures. They aimed to convey the vividness and emotional impact of these artworks, often simplifying forms and using bold colors. Primitivism was a way for artists to move away from the limitations of European artistic traditions and explore new ways of expression by looking at art that felt more genuine and basic. The movement had a significant role in creating modern art by encouraging artists to experiment with new styles and perspectives.

Orphism was an art movement that began in the early 20th century, focusing on the use of color and light in abstract art. Developed by artists like Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Orphism is known for its emphasis on the rhythmic interaction of vibrant colors and geometric shapes, which aimed to convey a sense of movement and energy. The term "Orphism" comes from "Orpheus," a figure from Greek mythology known for his musical talent, representing the movement's goal to create art that felt musical and pleasing. Orphism aimed to explore how colors and forms could cause emotions and experiences, prioritizing visual impressions and the interaction of colors over traditional realistic representations.

Photo-Secession was a photographic movement that began in the early 20th century, mainly in the United States. Started by Alfred Stieglitz and his colleagues, it aimed to raise photography to the level of fine arts by focusing on artistic creativity and personal ideas. The movement aimed to move away from traditional, everyday photography and the usual methods of the time. People associated with photo-secession focused on capturing images that were visually impressive and emotionally interesting, using new techniques to create photographs that were seen as more artistic and meaningful. Their work had an important role in making photography a respected art form and influencing the development of modern photography.

Purism was an art movement that began in the early 20th century, primarily in France. Started by artists Amédée Ozenfant and Charles-Édouard Jeanneret, purism aimed to create a clean, clear style of art that focused on simplicity and order. The movement emphasized the use of basic shapes, accurate lines, and a limited range of colors to achieve a sense of clarity and balance. Purism aimed to move away from the complex and emotional aspects of previous styles, instead focusing on the pure form and structure of the subject. This approach had a significant influence on modern art and design, promoting a smooth and rational style.

Suprematism was an art movement that began in Russia around 1915, started by Kazimir Malevich. It focused on basic geometric shapes like squares and rectangles, using these simple forms and limited colors to express abstract ideas and basic artistic feelings. Suprematism aimed to create art that is free from any real-world references, emphasizing the emotional and spiritual impact of shapes and colors over realistic representation. The movement had a significant role in the development of abstract art and influenced various modern artistic movements.

Vorticism was an art movement that began in Britain around 1914. Started by artists like Wyndham Lewis and Ezra Pound, Vorticism was known for its emphasis on powerful energy and the modern, industrial world. The movement combined abstract forms with strong, angular shapes to convey a sense of movement and speed. Vorticism aimed to show the intensity of modern life and the impact of industrial growth, often using bold colors and sharp lines. It aimed to represent the quick changes of the early 20th century and had a significant influence on both visual art and literature during that time.

Regionalism was an art movement in the early to mid-20th century in the United States, which focused on showing country and small-town life with a sense of local pride and accuracy. Main artists of the movement, like Grant Wood and Thomas Hart Benton, were known for their detailed, realistic depictions of everyday scenes from various American regions. The movement aimed to emphasize and appreciate the unique aspects of American landscapes, people, and traditions, often in response to the growth of cities and industrial development at the time. Regionalism aimed to provide a sense of connection to the land and community, showing the beauty and character of local life.

Concrete Art was an art movement that began in the early 20th century in Europe, with figures like Theo van Doesburg and Max Bill. This movement emphasized abstract art created with precise geometric shapes and strict mathematical principles, avoiding any reference to the natural world or personal experiences. Artists focused on exact shapes, symmetrical patterns, and calculated proportions to achieve clarity and order. The movement focused on clarity and accuracy, using simple shapes and clean lines to produce art that was straightforward and free from figurative content. Concrete Art aimed to create universal visual experiences through structured designs and had an influence on the development of modern abstract art.

The School of Paris refers to a diverse group of modernist painters active in the mid-20th century who were attracted to Paris for its vibrant art scene and lively energy. Artists from various backgrounds and styles, such as Pablo Picasso, Marc Chagall, and Amedeo Modigliani, gathered in the city, leading to an exchange of ideas and creativity. These artists aimed to capture the liveliness and mood of Paris, often experimenting with bold colors, original techniques, and new forms of expressing their art. The School of Paris was not a formal movement but rather a group of artists who had a significant impact to the development of modern art.

Geometric abstraction was an art movement that began in the early 20th century, focusing on the use of simple geometric shapes like circles, squares, and triangles, and abstract forms to create visual designs. It combined various styles and influences, exploring how shapes and colors can work together in abstract designs. Geometric abstraction ranges from very simple to complex designs and often includes experimentation with color and form. The movement aimed to explore the visual possibilities and conveying ideas and emotions through basic visual elements, focusing on order, balance, and the unity of shapes rather than realistic representation or storytelling.

Neo-Romanticism was an art movement that began in the early 20th century, bringing back the emotional style of the Romantic period. It focused on expressing intense emotions, dramatic landscapes, and a sense of wonder about the natural world, similar to the 19th-century Romantic art but with a modern approach. Artists in this movement, such as Edward Burne-Jones and Emil Nolde, often used vivid colors, bold designs, and a sense of mystery to cause strong emotions and personal thought. Neo-Romanticism aimed to return to the emotional complexity and beauty of Romantic art while using modern themes and techniques.

New Objectivity was an art movement that began in Germany during the 1920s. It started as a response to the emotional and expressive styles of the previous decades, focusing on clear, realistic depictions of everyday life. Artists in this movement, such as Otto Dix and George Grosz, aimed to show the world with accurate detail, often emphasizing social issues and the harsh realities of the time. New Objectivity aimed to provide a more straightforward view of life without making it seem better than it is, using detailed and accurate representations to reflect the challenges of modern society.

Precisionism was an art movement in the United States during the 1910s and 1920s that focused on depicting the modern industrial world with sharp, clear lines and accurate details. Artists such as Charles Demuth and Georgia O'Keeffe used geometric shapes and clean forms to emphasize the beauty and structure of machinery, architecture, and city landscapes. Precisionism aimed to covey the basic nature of the modern age through a neat and orderly style, often emphasizing the smooth, organized aspects of industrial and city settings. The movement appreciated the clarity and order of modern life while avoiding the emotional or abstract elements of earlier modernist styles.

Social Realism was an art movement that began in the early to mid-20th century, focusing on showing the everyday struggles and lives of ordinary people. Artists such as Diego Rivera and Dorothea Lange aimed to emphasize social issues and injustices through realistic and often impactful representations of working-class life. The movement aimed to create art that reflected the real experiences of people and brought attention to economic and social problems, using clear, detailed images to convey powerful messages about society and its challenges.

Socialist Realism was an art movement that began in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and spread to other communist countries. It focused on creating art that promoted the values of socialism and praised the achievements of the working class. Artists like Alexander Deineka and Isaak Brodsky were known for producing works that depicted scenes of workers, farmers, and everyday life in a way that made things seem better than they were, appearing positive and encouraging. The movement aimed to support the goals of the state by showing the progress and success of socialist society, often emphasizing honorable and hopeful themes to inspire and match government values.