according to

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=YWNjb3JkaW5nIHRv&hash=92cf9fb4b295ddc33a683e381e7d40bd29f68c09&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

conservationist

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y29uc2VydmF0aW9uaXN0&hash=483484a03c63cacd9c2cabbf66830983d6069f24&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

population

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cG9wdWxhdGlvbg&hash=fb008709d0250926fce205cdbdf3c6dc6dd66fb4&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

species

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c3BlY2llcw&hash=76016a00ce6a6b2f4ba2cefd05a948021563e6bb&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to decline

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gZGVjbGluZQ&hash=3cb632e091a672097f12592cf179b8a8f6810e2a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

trend

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dHJlbmQ&hash=9d36854ef034fef69186b3b593518115a6ee713c&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

unpredictable

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dW5wcmVkaWN0YWJsZQ&hash=6f2ae30ca162b6966c9c09b06c5a98c89b81823e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

knock-on effect

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=a25vY2stb24gZWZmZWN0&hash=8472bed70e7f0fa402f168709e0a612a2b9431ab&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

ecosystem

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZWNvc3lzdGVt&hash=ccbd4cae450e54325190ecefb4e7e68ef9319ca1&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

A caterpillar is the larval stage of a butterfly or moth, characterized by a worm-like body with numerous legs. It is a voracious feeder and primarily feeds on plant leaves. Caterpillars come in various colors and patterns, often camouflaging themselves to blend in with their surroundings. They undergo a remarkable transformation called metamorphosis, where they transition into a pupa and eventually emerge as an adult butterfly or moth. During their larval stage, caterpillars play a vital role in the ecosystem by contributing to plant pollination and serving as a food source for other organisms. Some caterpillars possess defense mechanisms such as stinging hairs or toxic chemicals to protect themselves from predators.

What is a "caterpillar"?

caterpillar

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=Y2F0ZXJwaWxsYXI&hash=5b12714a6379262554b4dc53a839ba61cbf158f8&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

stage

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=c3RhZ2U&hash=bd4820551741ccb6eed0a1a762be02085b7ce155&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

life cycle

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bGlmZSBjeWNsZQ&hash=d94f0149d17b7c17f854bd790f1ba0cde55ec5ad&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to consume

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gY29uc3VtZQ&hash=a9f4b00c9537733c0649063b766d10f79f320f7e&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

vast

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dmFzdA&hash=8346e1d2448b80e4cd1b9cd9583b5aad00692378&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

quantity

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cXVhbnRpdHk&hash=750baaafd165f7ec81c0a8a4ff2d90798d5aced7&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

in turn

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=aW4gdHVybg&hash=d336d95b348575b3597f78021717894e29e223f1&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to act as

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gYWN0IGFz&hash=90015c5c5fabfd76413399b3afbc3837821f2cea&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

Prey refers to a group of animals that are hunted and killed by other animals for food. They are usually smaller or weaker than the predator and have developed adaptations such as camouflage, speed, or protective coverings to avoid being detected or caught. The term is commonly used in the context of animal behavior and ecology, where it refers to the relationship between predators and their food sources. Prey animals can include a wide range of species, from insects and small mammals to large herbivores like deer or antelopes. The ability to hunt and catch prey is essential for the survival of many predator species, and the interactions between predators and prey can have a profound impact on the ecology and biodiversity of an ecosystem.

What is "prey"?

prey

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cHJleQ&hash=e3ae8d4ff5d2642688f09f8506b361feacaa422a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

Mammal is a warm-blooded animal that belongs to the class Mammalia. All mammals have certain defining characteristics, including the presence of hair or fur, the ability to produce milk to feed their young and three middle ear bones. Mammals are also capable of regulating their body temperature internally, which makes them well-adapted to live in a wide range of environments. There are around 5,500 species of mammals, including many familiar animals such as humans, dogs, cats, elephants, whales, and bats. Mammals play important roles in ecosystems around the world and are often key indicators of environmental health. They are also a major source of food, clothing, and other resources for humans.

What is "mammal"?

mammal

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bWFtbWFs&hash=b3de8a8abeeab51834a2e1cf195d7c360704f2e4&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to arm

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gYXJt&hash=54a8a0d78114994b303dea473d1d7979bf259295&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

down

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZG93bg&hash=cbf40005973cdb4a790d009bd49eafa28309b5dc&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to halt

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gaGFsdA&hash=19a246abdd5a32cbacd2a9360e2b31de90e7947f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to reverse

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gcmV2ZXJzZQ&hash=1099edfadc3d8d289f1ebdff0b0990345698450f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

decline

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=ZGVjbGluZQ&hash=7b35b9561f00cd4da777a075e0a3efecc77d543b&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

outdoor

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=b3V0ZG9vcg&hash=beb84b82caf1a03930e44f97bef4b4471b81d662&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

under

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dW5kZXI&hash=2c07504e44faa01ccc131892f8cc8751d2ff5a1d&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

main

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=bWFpbg&hash=e949c2415d61d394d2ce6f62537c43268b87e5bc&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to ensure

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gZW5zdXJl&hash=e8cb68993f27eb53ba8dd7df31def437c3ae25a3&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to suit

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gc3VpdA&hash=82acd8c71d92fe2979fb48c4b96ea7c982a0a01d&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to reproduce

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gcmVwcm9kdWNl&hash=e0030eafde675dcf8deb1b12077d13888bf4a84a&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to refer

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gcmVmZXI&hash=2569f793fbc232d5b13e29f154ff6ad7cb5ce4db&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

timing

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dGltaW5n&hash=157c92a664c44e67a3141b780d825a5ddb3457b1&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to advance

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gYWR2YW5jZQ&hash=3e3552ffeaacefd22be3742cff3372089560ef1d&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

to leave

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=dG8gbGVhdmU&hash=b0f7ced95709ac2fa1c81948745d17b7f4a38d20&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts&accent=US

phenology

https://tts.langeek.co/read?text=cGhlbm9sb2d5&hash=9b06c481d5eb09034c6368d2d023918096ebb33f&lang=en&cache-only=0&driver=googletts

Here you can find the vocabulary from Test 4 - Reading - Passage 1 (1) in the Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic coursebook, to help you prepare for your IELTS exam.

Test 4 - Lettura - Passaggio 1 (1)

Cambridge IELTS 19 - Accademico "Test 4 - Lettura - Passaggio 1 (1)" Vocabolario

IELTS 19 - Academic | Test 4 - Reading - Passage 1 (1)

Test 4 - Reading - Passage 1 (1)

Cambridge IELTS 19 - Academic "Test 4 - Reading - Passage 1 (1)" Vocabulary