ニュースとジャーナリズム

Teletext is a system that provides text-based information, such as news, weather, and television schedules, on a television screen. It works by transmitting data alongside the regular television broadcast, which can be accessed by viewers using a special remote control. Teletext is often displayed as a series of pages that viewers can navigate through, offering a variety of information in a simple, easy-to-read format. Although it was more popular in the past, it is still used in some countries for providing quick, accessible updates and information on a range of topics.

A back issue refers to a previous edition of a publication, such as a newspaper, magazine, or journal, that has already been published and is no longer part of the current issue. Back issues can often be purchased or accessed through archives or libraries, allowing readers to review past articles, stories, or advertisements. They provide a record of the publication's history and may be valuable for research or reference purposes.

A backstory refers to the background information or history that explains the events, actions, or motivations behind a current situation or story. In news, a backstory provides context to help the audience understand why something is happening or how it developed. It often includes details about past events, key figures, or important decisions that shaped the present circumstances. A backstory is important because it helps the audience gain a deeper understanding of the situation, beyond just the immediate facts or headline.

A lead story is the most important or significant news item in a newspaper, television broadcast, or online platform. It is usually the first story presented, given the highest visibility, and is chosen because it has the greatest impact or relevance at the time. The lead story often covers major events such as breaking news, political developments, or significant global or local issues. It is placed prominently to grab the audience's attention and provide them with the most important information right away.

A gazette is an official publication that provides information on government activities, laws, notices, and other formal announcements. It is often used to make public decisions, legal changes, or administrative notices that need to be officially recorded. Gazettes can cover a wide range of topics, from government regulations and public appointments to local news and events. While the term is most commonly associated with government publications, it can also be used for specific publications related to certain industries, professions, or organizations.

An organ is a publication, such as a newspaper, magazine, or journal, that serves as the official voice or representative outlet for a particular organization, group, or cause. It is often used to share news, updates, and viewpoints that align with the goals or interests of the group it represents. An organ can be associated with political parties, professional associations, religious groups, or other entities and is typically tailored to communicate directly with members or supporters. Its content reflects the agenda or perspective of the organization it represents.

A biweekly is a type of publication that is released every two weeks, or twice a month. It offers news, articles, or other content, typically covering a variety of topics like current events, culture, business, and lifestyle, but with less frequency than weekly publications. Biweekly publications often allow for more detailed analysis and reporting on ongoing stories. These publications can be found in print or digital formats and are commonly used by businesses, organizations, and interest groups to communicate with their audience regularly while balancing the need for time to prepare content.

An advertorial is a type of advertisement that is designed to resemble a regular editorial or news article, blending promotional content with the style and format of journalistic writing. It aims to inform or entertain the reader while subtly promoting a product, service, or brand. Advertorials are usually found in newspapers, magazines, or online platforms, and they are often labeled as "sponsored" or "advertisement" to distinguish them from regular editorial content. The goal of an advertorial is to engage the reader more deeply than traditional ads while providing valuable information that supports the promotional message.

A byline is a line in a newspaper, magazine, or online article that gives credit to the writer or author of the piece. It typically appears at the beginning of the article, just below the headline, and includes the name of the journalist or writer responsible for the content. In some cases, a byline may also include the writer's title or the name of the publication where the article was published. By providing this attribution, the byline ensures that readers know who created the article and gives recognition to the writer's work.

A canard is a false or misleading story, rumor, or piece of information that is spread deliberately to deceive or mislead others, often for political, financial, or other reasons. In journalism, a canard refers to a piece of news that is not true or is exaggerated, typically aimed at harming someone's reputation or causing confusion. It can be spread through various forms of media, including newspapers, television, or social media. A canard differs from a mistake or misunderstanding, as it is intentionally fabricated or distorted to serve a specific purpose. Journalists aim to avoid spreading canards by verifying information before reporting it and relying on credible sources. The spread of canards can harm trust in the media and contribute to misinformation.

Censorship is the practice of removing or restricting certain content from movies, books, or other media based on guidelines or policies. This is done to prevent exposure to material that may be considered inappropriate, offensive, or harmful according to social, political, or cultural standards. Censorship can involve altering, editing, or completely removing sections of content to ensure it meets specific criteria or to protect certain values. The goal is often to control the impact of the material on the audience or to comply with legal and ethical norms.

A write-up is a brief written report or article that provides information or commentary on a particular topic, event, or individual. It can be an overview, review, or summary of something, such as a performance, product, or news event. Write-ups are often used in newspapers, magazines, and websites to inform or engage the reader, and they may include opinions or factual details depending on the purpose. They are usually concise and to the point, aiming to deliver key information clearly and efficiently.

Yellow journalism refers to a style of reporting that focuses on excitement, exaggeration, and dramatic headlines to attract attention and sell more newspapers or attract viewers. It often prioritizes shocking or scandalous stories, sometimes at the expense of accuracy or fairness. This type of journalism tends to emphasize emotional responses over factual reporting, with the goal of stirring up public interest or controversy. Yellow journalism was especially common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, though elements of it can still be found in some modern media.

A supplement is an additional section or booklet that is included with a newspaper, magazine, or other publication, often focusing on a specific topic, event, or product. Supplements can cover various subjects, such as lifestyle, travel, health, or entertainment, and are usually included in the publication to offer extra value or provide more detailed information to the readers. These sections are often printed separately and may be distributed alongside the main publication or available as part of a special edition.

A stringer is a freelance journalist or reporter who contributes stories or information to a news organization, usually on a temporary or irregular basis. Stringers are often hired to cover events or stories in specific locations where the news outlet does not have a permanent staff member. They may be paid per story or assignment rather than receiving a regular salary. Stringers can provide valuable local insights, especially in regions where a publication or station may not have full-time reporters. Their work helps news outlets cover more stories without maintaining a large staff.

A stop press refers to the most recent and important news added to a newspaper at the last moment, typically just before or after the printing process has started. This typically includes urgent or breaking news that must be included despite the publication already being in progress. Often, it is placed prominently on the front page, sometimes as a heading, to draw attention to the critical nature of the update. The term originally referred to physically halting the press to insert the new information, but now it refers more to the last-minute updates themselves.

A sidebar is a short article or section in a newspaper, magazine, or online publication that is placed next to a main story. It provides additional information or context related to the primary article but is not the main focus. Sidebars can include facts, quotes, related stories, statistics, or background details that complement the main content. They are typically set apart from the main article, either in a separate column or box, to provide readers with extra insights without interrupting the flow of the main story.

A scoop is a news story that is reported before others, giving a particular news outlet or journalist exclusive coverage of an event or topic. It is often considered a significant achievement in journalism, as it provides the public with information that has not yet been widely reported. A scoop can involve breaking news, uncovering hidden facts, or offering a unique perspective on an issue. Journalists and media organizations compete to secure scoops, as they can attract attention, increase credibility, and enhance the reputation of the reporters and the publication.

A roundup is a summary or collection of key points, highlights, or important information on a specific topic or event. In the context of news, a roundup often refers to a report that gathers various stories or updates into one article or broadcast. It can cover multiple angles or events related to a subject, providing a concise overview of the most relevant details. Roundups are commonly used to inform readers or viewers about a series of events, developments, or trends within a short amount of time.

A rave is a highly positive review or praise for something, such as a movie, book, performance, or product. It often highlights the best aspects of the subject, using enthusiastic language to express strong approval or admiration. In media and journalism, a rave review is intended to recommend or promote something by focusing on its strengths and appealing qualities. Rave reviews are typically used to attract attention and generate interest from an audience or potential consumers.

A lede is the opening sentence or paragraph of a news story that is designed to grab the reader's attention and provide the most important information. It summarizes the key points of the story, answering questions such as who, what, when, where, why, and how, while setting the tone for the rest of the article. A well-written lede helps draw readers in and encourages them to continue reading the full story. It is an essential element in journalism, as it conveys the core of the story in a concise and engaging way.

An op-ed is a type of article or essay published in a newspaper or magazine, typically placed opposite the editorial page. It presents an opinion or perspective on a specific issue, usually written by a guest writer, expert, or outside contributor, rather than a member of the publication's editorial staff. Op-eds offer a platform for diverse viewpoints and often aim to spark debate or offer insight into current events, policies, or social matters. They are distinct from regular news articles, as they are more subjective and focus on the author's personal analysis or opinion.

An offprint is a separate copy of an article or a section of a publication, typically a journal or magazine, that is printed and distributed separately from the main issue. Offprints are often requested by authors or researchers who want to share their work with others, such as colleagues, institutions, or libraries, without the need to distribute the entire publication. They may be printed in limited quantities and can be used for academic or professional purposes, allowing for easier circulation of specific content. Offprints are usually not sold and are distributed freely or upon request.

An obituary is a notice or article published in a newspaper or other media that announces the death of an individual, usually including details about their life, achievements, and funeral arrangements. It often highlights significant events or contributions the person made during their lifetime, along with personal information such as family members, education, career, and community involvement. Obituaries can also serve as a tribute, offering a respectful and reflective account of the deceased's life. In some cases, they may be written by family members, friends, or journalists.

A hit piece is a type of news article or report that is intended to damage the reputation of a person, organization, or group. It often focuses on negative aspects, exaggerates or distorts facts, and may be written with a bias or agenda. The goal of a hit piece is usually to discredit or criticize the subject in a way that influences public opinion. Hit pieces are considered unethical in journalism because they typically lack objectivity and fairness, aiming to harm rather than inform.

A mouthpiece refers to a person, group, or media outlet that speaks on behalf of another individual or organization, often promoting their views or interests. In journalism, the term is typically used negatively to describe a publication or journalist that acts in a biased or uncritical manner, essentially serving as a tool for the views of a particular political group, company, or leader. A mouthpiece does not offer independent or objective reporting, but instead pushes a specific agenda, often aligning with the desires or goals of those it represents.

A masthead is a section in a newspaper, magazine, or publication that provides important information about the publication's identity, such as the name, logo, and editorial staff. It often appears on the inside of the front page or in a prominent location within the publication. The masthead typically includes the names of key editors, writers, and other team members, as well as information about the publication’s ownership, contact details, and sometimes its mission or values. It serves to establish the publication's credibility and provide readers with essential details about the publication's background.