An antioxidant is a substance that possesses unique properties to counteract and neutralize harmful molecules called free radicals. Antioxidants can be naturally occurring or synthetic, and common examples include vitamins C and E, beta-carotene, and resveratrol. Antioxidants work by donating electrons to free radicals, thereby preventing or minimizing their damaging effects on cells. They are known for their potential health benefits, including protecting against chronic diseases, reducing inflammation, and promoting overall well-being. Antioxidants can be obtained through a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other sources known for their antioxidant content.

What is an "antioxidant"?

antioxidant

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Phytochemicals are naturally occurring compounds found in plants that have various health benefits. These bioactive substances are responsible for the color, flavor, and smell of plant foods, and they play a significant role in protecting plants from environmental threats. For humans, consuming phytochemical-rich foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes can contribute to better health by providing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immune-boosting properties. Phytochemicals are believed to help reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes.

What is "phytochemical"?

phytochemical

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Carbohydrates are one of the three main macronutrients, along with proteins and fats, that provide energy to the body. They are found in a wide variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, grains, and dairy products. Carbohydrates are classified into three main types: sugars, starches, and fiber. Sugars are simple carbohydrates found in fruits, vegetables, and dairy products, as well as in processed foods like candy and soda. Starches are complex carbohydrates found in foods like potatoes, rice, bread, and pasta. Fiber, also a complex carbohydrate, is found in plant-based foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes, and it aids in digestion. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose, which is used by the body's cells for energy, especially for the brain and muscles during physical activity. A balanced intake of carbohydrates is important for overall health, supporting functions like energy production, digestion, and nutrient absorption.

What is "carbohydrate"?

carbohydrate

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Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins, which are essential for numerous bodily functions. There are 20 different amino acids, and they can be divided into three categories: essential, non-essential, and conditional. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be obtained through dietary sources such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, and nuts. Non-essential amino acids are produced by the body, while conditional amino acids are typically non-essential but may become necessary during periods of illness or stress. Amino acids are crucial for constructing and repairing tissues, supporting immune function, and producing enzymes and hormones. Ensuring an adequate intake of all amino acids is important for maintaining overall health and proper bodily functions.

What are "amino acid"?

amino acid

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Proteins are essential nutrients made up of amino acids, which are necessary for the body to function properly. They play a key role in building and repairing tissues, making enzymes and hormones, and supporting immune function. Proteins are found in a variety of foods, including meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, nuts, and seeds. They can be classified as complete or incomplete proteins based on their amino acid content; complete proteins, which are found in animal products and some plant sources like quinoa and soy, contain all the essential amino acids the body needs.

What is "protein"?

protein

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Fatty acids are essential components of fats, which are important for various bodily functions. They come in three main types: saturated, unsaturated, and trans fats. Saturated fats are typically solid at room temperature and found in foods like butter, cheese, and red meat. Unsaturated fats, which are usually liquid at room temperature, are found in foods like olive oil, nuts, and avocados. Trans fats are artificially created through a process called hydrogenation and are found in some processed foods. Fatty acids play critical roles in energy storage, insulation, and cell structure. Some, like omega-3 and omega-6, are essential fatty acids that the body cannot produce and must be obtained through diet, contributing to brain function, inflammation regulation, and heart health.

What is "fatty acid"?

fatty acid

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Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that include fats, oils, and certain components of cell membranes. They are insoluble in water and primarily consist of hydrocarbons, including fatty acids and cholesterol. Lipids serve various essential functions in the body, such as providing energy, insulating and protecting organs, and serving as structural components of cell membranes. Types of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Triglycerides, found in fats and oils, are a major source of energy storage in the body. Phospholipids are crucial components of cell membranes, helping to maintain their structure and function. Sterols, such as cholesterol, are important for the production of hormones and vitamin D. While lipids are necessary for health, an imbalance or excessive intake of certain types, particularly saturated and trans fats, can contribute to health issues such as heart disease.

What is "lipid"?

lipid

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Nucleic acids are crucial molecules found in all living organisms, playing a central role in storing and transmitting genetic information. They come in two main forms: DNA and RNA. DNA holds the genetic instructions necessary for an organism's development, growth, and functioning, while RNA acts as a messenger, carrying out DNA's instructions to produce proteins. These molecules are made up of smaller units called nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The sequence of these bases determines the unique genetic code of an individual, influencing traits and characteristics.

What is "nucleic acid"?

nucleic acid

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Fat is a substance obtained from animals or plants and processed for use in cooking. It is commonly used to add flavor, texture, and richness to dishes. Examples include butter, lard, and various vegetable oils. Fat plays a crucial role in cooking by helping to conduct heat, enhance flavors, and create tender and moist textures in food.

What is "fat"?

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Fiber, also known as dietary fiber or roughage, refers to the indigestible portion of plant-based foods that passes through the digestive system relatively unchanged. It is primarily found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, and seeds. Fiber comes in two main types: soluble and insoluble. Soluble fiber dissolves in water and forms a gel-like substance in the digestive tract, helping to lower cholesterol levels and regulate blood sugar levels. Insoluble fiber does not dissolve in water and adds bulk to stool, aiding in digestion and preventing constipation. Both types of fiber contribute to overall digestive health, promote regular bowel movements, and can help prevent certain chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer.

What is "fiber"?

fiber

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Minerals are essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. They play crucial roles in various bodily processes, including building strong bones and teeth, controlling the amount of water in the body, supporting nerve function, and maintaining healthy metabolism. There are two main categories of minerals: macro-minerals, which are needed in larger quantities, and trace minerals, which are required in smaller amounts. Common macro-minerals include calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and chloride, while examples of trace minerals include iron, zinc, copper, selenium, iodine, and chromium. These minerals are obtained through the diet, primarily from foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, seeds, dairy products, and lean meats.

What is "mineral"?

mineral

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Nutrition is the science that focuses on the study of food and its impact on health. It involves understanding how the nutrients in food support the body, encourage growth and development, and maintain overall well-being. Nutritionists, experts in this field, provide guidance on healthy eating habits, personalized dietary plans, and strategies for managing various health conditions through nutrition. They emphasize the importance of balanced diets containing essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Nutrition plays a crucial role in promoting good health, preventing diseases, and supporting the body's natural functions.

What is "nutrition"?

nutrition

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essential

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Vitamins are essential nutrients that the body needs in small amounts to function properly. They play crucial roles in various bodily processes, including supporting growth, maintaining healthy skin, boosting immunity, and assisting in metabolism. There are 13 essential vitamins, each with its own specific functions and sources. These include vitamins A, B, which includes several individual B vitamins, C, D, E, and K. Vitamins are obtained through the diet, primarily from fruits, vegetables, whole grains, dairy products, and meats.

What is "vitamin"?

vitamin

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water

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Monosaccharides are simple sugars, which are the most basic form of carbohydrates. They consist of single sugar molecules that cannot be broken down further into smaller sugars. Common examples of monosaccharides include glucose, fructose, and galactose. These sugars are easily absorbed by the body and serve as a quick source of energy. Monosaccharides are found naturally in fruits, vegetables, and honey, and they are also added to processed foods as sweeteners. In addition to providing energy, monosaccharides play important roles in cellular processes and are essential for overall health and well-being.

What is a "monosaccharide"?

monosaccharide

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Glucose is a type of sugar, known as a monosaccharide, that serves as the primary source of energy for the body's cells. It is found naturally in many foods, including fruits, vegetables, and grains, and is also produced by the body through the breakdown of carbohydrates. Glucose is absorbed into the bloodstream after digestion and is transported to cells throughout the body, where it is used for energy production. Excess glucose is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen for later use. Maintaining stable blood glucose levels is essential for overall health, as fluctuations can affect energy levels, mood, and long-term health outcomes.

What is "glucose"?

glucose

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Fructose is a type of sugar, classified as a monosaccharide, that is naturally found in fruits, honey, and certain vegetables. It is known for its sweet taste and is often used as a sweetener in processed foods and beverages. When consumed, fructose is absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver, where it is processed and converted into glucose or stored as glycogen for energy. While fructose can provide energy like other sugars, excessive intake, particularly from added sugars in processed foods, has been associated with negative health effects, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and fatty liver disease.

What is "fructose"?

fructose

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Galactose is a type of sugar, classified as a monosaccharide, that is less commonly found in nature compared to glucose and fructose. It naturally occurs in dairy products like milk and yogurt, as well as in certain fruits and vegetables. Galactose is less sweet than glucose and fructose and plays a role in making lactose, the sugar found in milk. Once ingested, galactose is broken down in the body and changed into glucose, which serves as a primary source of energy for cells.

What is "galactose"?

galactose

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Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of multiple sugar molecules linked together. They serve as a major source of energy and play important structural roles in living organisms. Common examples of polysaccharides include starch, glycogen, and cellulose. Starch, found in foods like potatoes, rice, and bread, serves as a storage form of energy in plants and is a major source of carbohydrates in the human diet. Glycogen, stored in the liver and muscles, serves as a short-term energy reserve in animals and humans. Cellulose, found in plant cell walls, provides structural support and dietary fiber, aiding in digestion. Polysaccharides are important for providing energy, supporting cellular structure, and maintaining overall health.

What is "polysaccharide"?

polysaccharide

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Starch is a carbohydrate commonly found in various food ingredients, such as potatoes, rice, corn, and wheat. It serves as a crucial thickening agent, adding texture and body to dishes. When heated or cooked, starch molecules absorb liquid and undergo a process called gelatinization, resulting in a thickened consistency. Starch is often used in sauces, soups, and desserts to enhance their viscosity and create a smooth, pleasing mouthfeel. It plays a vital role in the culinary world, contributing to the overall taste, texture, and appearance of many dishes.

What is "starch"?

starch

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Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood and are the main form of stored fat in the body. They are composed of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. After eating, the body converts any calories it does not need immediately into triglycerides, which are stored in fat cells and released for energy between meals. High levels of triglycerides can increase the risk of heart disease and are often associated with other conditions like obesity, type 2 diabetes, and high cholesterol. Maintaining healthy triglyceride levels involves eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding excessive consumption of sugary and fatty foods.

What is "triglyceride"?

triglyceride

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Glycerol, also known as glycerin, is a simple, sweet-tasting compound that is a key part of triglycerides, the main components of fats. It is a colorless and odorless liquid found naturally in fats and oils. In the body, glycerol is released when triglycerides are broken down for energy. It can also be converted into glucose by the liver to provide energy. Besides its role in fat processing, glycerol is used in various food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products due to its moisturizing and sweetening properties. Its ability to retain moisture makes it a common ingredient in skincare products and food items.

What is "glycerol"?

glycerol

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Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate made up of two linked sugar molecules that provide a quick source of energy. Common examples include sucrose, which is table sugar; lactose, which is milk sugar; and maltose, which is malt sugar. Sucrose is found in many plants and is commonly used as a sweetener. Lactose is found in dairy products and is the main sugar in milk. Maltose is found in certain grains and is produced during the breakdown of starch. When consumed, disaccharides are broken down into their simpler sugar components by digestive enzymes before being absorbed into the bloodstream.

What is "disaccharide"?

disaccharide

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Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose molecules. It is naturally found in many plants, with high concentrations in sugar cane and sugar beets, which are the primary sources for commercial sugar production. Sucrose is widely used as a sweetener in foods and beverages due to its pleasant taste and ability to enhance flavors. When consumed, sucrose is broken down by digestive enzymes into glucose and fructose, which are then absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy. While sucrose provides a quick source of energy, excessive intake can contribute to health issues such as tooth decay, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.

What is "sucrose"?

sucrose

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Lactose is a disaccharide sugar found naturally in dairy products like milk. It is composed of two sugar molecules, glucose and galactose. Lactose is the primary carbohydrate in milk and is responsible for its slightly sweet taste. In the digestive system, lactose is broken down into its constituent sugars by an enzyme called lactase, which is produced in the small intestine. People who are lactose intolerant have low levels of lactase and may experience digestive discomfort, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea, after consuming dairy products.

What is "lactose"?

lactose

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Maltose is a type of sugar, classified as a disaccharide, that consists of two glucose molecules linked together. It is commonly known as malt sugar and is found in certain grains, particularly malted barley. Maltose is created when grains start to sprout, or grow, during the early stages of their development. It is also used as a sweetener in some foods and beverages. In the body, maltose is broken down into its individual glucose molecules by digestive enzymes, allowing it to be absorbed into the bloodstream and used for energy. While maltose provides a quick source of energy, excessive intake should be avoided as it can contribute to health issues like obesity and tooth decay.

What is "maltose"?

maltose

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Glycogen is a type of carbohydrate that serves as a storage form of energy in animals and humans. It is made up of many glucose molecules linked together in a branching structure. Glycogen is primarily stored in the liver and muscles, where it can be broken down into glucose when energy is needed. This process, known as glycogenolysis, helps maintain stable blood sugar levels and provides a quick source of energy during periods of increased activity or when food intake is limited. Glycogen also plays a role in regulating blood sugar levels and supporting overall metabolic function.

What is "glycogen"?

glycogen

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Saturated fatty acids are a type of fat found in various foods, including animal products like meat and dairy, as well as certain plant-based oils like coconut oil and palm oil. Unlike unsaturated fats, which have double bonds in their molecular structure, saturated fats lack these bonds, making them solid at room temperature. They're commonly known as "bad fats" because high consumption has been linked to increased levels of LDL cholesterol, which is associated with heart disease and other health issues. While some saturated fats are necessary for our bodies to function, health experts generally recommend limiting intake and opting for healthier fats like those found in nuts, seeds, and avocados instead.

What is "saturated fatty acid"?

saturated fatty acid

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Unsaturated fatty acids are a type of fat found in foods like nuts, seeds, fish, and vegetable oils. Unlike saturated fats, which are solid at room temperature, unsaturated fats remain liquid. This is because they have one or more double bonds in their molecular structure. These fats are often referred to as "healthy fats" because they can help lower levels of LDL cholesterol, the "bad" cholesterol that can contribute to heart disease. Including unsaturated fats in your diet can also provide essential fatty acids that your body needs but cannot produce on its own. So, incorporating foods rich in unsaturated fats, like olive oil, avocados, and fatty fish, can be beneficial for heart health and overall well-being.

What is "unsaturated fatty acid"?

unsaturated fatty acid

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Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat that is essential for human health. They are considered "essential" because the body cannot produce them on its own and must obtain them from food. Omega-3 fatty acids play crucial roles in brain function, heart health, and overall well-being. There are three main types of omega-3 fatty acids: alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). ALA is found in plant sources like flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts, while EPA and DHA are primarily found in fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines. Consuming omega-3 fatty acids has been associated with numerous health benefits, including reducing inflammation, lowering the risk of heart disease, and supporting brain health.

What is "omega-3"?

omega-3

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Omega-6 fatty acids are a type of polyunsaturated fat necessary for human health. They are considered "essential" because the body cannot produce them on its own and must obtain them from food. Omega-6 fatty acids play vital roles in maintaining healthy skin, supporting cell growth, and regulating metabolism. The main omega-6 fatty acid is called linoleic acid (LA), which is found in various plant-based oils such as corn oil, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. While omega-6 fatty acids are essential, excessive intake relative to omega-3s may contribute to inflammation and other health issues.

What is "omega-6"?

omega-6

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Trans fatty acids (TFAs) are a type of unsaturated fat that can be found in certain foods. They are often created during a process called hydrogenation, where liquid vegetable oils are turned into solid fats to improve texture and shelf life. They are commonly found in fried foods, baked goods, and margarine. While they can occur naturally in small amounts, most of the trans fats consumed come from processed foods. Unfortunately, research has linked high intake of trans fats to an increased risk of heart disease and other health problems.

What is "trans fatty acid"?

trans fatty acid

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Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are a type of fat with more than one unsaturated bond in their chemical structure. They are considered essential fats because the body cannot produce them on its own and must obtain them from the diet. PUFAs are divided into two main types: omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. These fats play crucial roles in brain function, heart health, and overall well-being. Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and cardiovascular benefits. Omega-6 fatty acids, found in vegetable oils like soybean and corn oil, are important for skin health and cell function.

What is "polyunsaturated fatty acid"?

polyunsaturated fatty acid

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insoluble

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soluble

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Cellulose is a type of carbohydrate, specifically a polysaccharide, that forms the structural component of plant cell walls. It is made up of long chains of glucose molecules linked together, providing strength and rigidity to plant cells. While cellulose is indigestible by humans and most animals due to their lack of enzymes capable of breaking it down, it serves as dietary fiber, aiding in digestion and promoting bowel regularity. Cellulose is found in high amounts in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes.

What is "cellulose"?

cellulose

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Oligosaccharides are a type of carbohydrate made up of a small number of sugar molecules, typically between three and ten. They are considered complex carbohydrates, but simpler than polysaccharides like starch and cellulose. Oligosaccharides can be found naturally in various foods, including beans, legumes, onions, garlic, and certain fruits and vegetables. While the human body cannot fully digest oligosaccharides, they serve as prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the gut. This can contribute to improved digestion, enhanced immune function, and overall gut health. Additionally, oligosaccharides may help regulate blood sugar levels and support weight management.

What is "oligosaccharide"?

oligosaccharide

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Enzymes are special proteins that speed up biological reactions in the body. They help reactions occur more quickly by reducing the amount of energy needed to start them. Enzymes are highly specific, meaning each enzyme typically activates only one type of reaction or a few closely related reactions. They play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including digestion, metabolism, and cellular processes. For example, digestive enzymes aid in breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body, while metabolic enzymes assist in chemical reactions involved in energy production and the creation of essential molecules. Without enzymes, many vital biochemical reactions would happen too slowly to sustain life processes.

What is an "enzyme"?

enzyme

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Calcium is a mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including building and maintaining strong bones and teeth, regulating muscle contractions, and supporting nerve function. It is found in large amounts in the body and is mainly stored in bones and teeth. Calcium is also involved in blood clotting, hormone release, and cell signaling. Having enough calcium is important for overall bone health and can help prevent osteoporosis, a condition where bones become weak and brittle. Good dietary sources of calcium include dairy products like milk, yogurt, and cheese, as well as leafy green vegetables, tofu, and fortified foods.

What is "calcium"?

calcium

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Chlorine is a chemical element found in nature and widely used for various purposes. It is commonly known for its role in disinfecting water to make it safe for drinking and swimming by killing harmful bacteria and other microorganisms. Chlorine is also used in the production of numerous household products such as bleach, PVC plastics, and cleaning agents. In the body, chlorine is an essential mineral that helps maintain fluid balance and pH levels, supports digestion by helping the production of stomach acid, and is involved in nerve signaling. It is primarily obtained through the diet in the form of chloride ions, which are found in table salt and many other foods.

What is "chlorine"?

chlorine

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Magnesium is an important mineral that plays several key roles in the body. It helps maintain normal muscle and nerve function, supports a steady heart rhythm, and contributes to building strong bones. Magnesium also assists in regulating blood sugar levels and blood pressure. It is involved in energy processing and protein production, making it essential for overall health. Good dietary sources of magnesium include leafy green vegetables, nuts, seeds, whole grains, and legumes.

What is "magnesium"?

magnesium

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Here you will learn some English words related to human nutrition such as "protein", "antioxidant", and "glycogen".

Human Nutrition

English Words Related to "Human Nutrition"

「人間の栄養」に関連する英語の単語