An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase, created by using only a few of its letters or syllables to make it quicker to write or say. Common examples include "Dr." for "Doctor" or "etc." for "et cetera". Some abbreviations are formed by taking the initial letters of a series of words, such as "NASA" for "National Aeronautics and Space Administration". Abbreviations are widely used in everyday language, writing, and specialized fields to save time or space while still conveying the full meaning of the original term.

What is an "abbreviation"?

abbreviation

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The active voice is a grammatical construction in which the subject of a sentence performs the action of the verb. In this structure, the focus is on the doer of the action, making the sentence clear and direct. For example, in the sentence "The dog chased the cat," "the dog" is the subject that performs the action of chasing, while "the cat" is the object that receives the action. The active voice is often preferred in writing because it tends to be more straightforward and engaging, allowing for a more dynamic expression of actions and events. It helps convey information clearly by highlighting who is responsible for the action.

What is the "active voice"?

active voice

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adverbial

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An apostrophe (') is a punctuation mark used in writing to indicate possession or the omission of letters in contractions. In possessive forms, it shows ownership, as in "the dog's leash," which indicates that the leash belongs to the dog. In contractions, the apostrophe replaces missing letters, such as in "do not" becoming "don't." Apostrophes are also used in some plurals of letters or symbols, like "mind your p's and q's." While helpful for clarity, it is important to use apostrophes correctly to avoid confusion in writing.

What is an "apostrophe"?

apostrophe

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An article is a type of determiner that provides information about the specificity and quantity of a noun. In English, there are two types of articles: definite and indefinite. The definite article "the" refers to a specific noun that is already known or identifiable, such as in "the cat on the porch." The indefinite articles "a" and "an" refer to non-specific nouns, indicating that the noun could be any one of a class, as in "a cat" or "an apple." Articles play an important role in communication by helping to clarify whether a noun is particular or general, contributing to the overall understanding of sentences.

What is an "article"?

article

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An auxiliary verb, also known as a helping verb, is a verb that is used together with a main verb to form a verb phrase. Auxiliary verbs provide additional information about tense, mood, voice, or aspect. Common auxiliary verbs in English include "be," "have," and "do." For example, in the sentence "She is running," the auxiliary verb "is" helps to indicate the continuous tense of the main verb "running." Auxiliary verbs are important for constructing various grammatical structures, allowing for clearer expression of time and the nature of actions in sentences.

What is an "auxiliary verb"?

auxiliary verb

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A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb, and it can express a complete thought or part of a thought. There are two main types of clauses: independent and dependent. An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, like "She enjoys reading." A dependent clause, on the other hand, cannot stand alone and is usually connected to an independent clause for meaning, such as "because she loves stories." Clauses are important for constructing sentences and can add complexity by combining multiple ideas. They can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs within a sentence, enhancing the richness of language.

What is a "clause"?

clause

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A conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence, creating relationships between different parts of the text. The main types of conjunctions include coordinating conjunctions, which connect elements of equal importance, and subordinating conjunctions, which link a dependent clause to an independent clause. Correlative conjunctions work in pairs to connect related elements. Understanding conjunctions is essential for constructing coherent sentences and clarifying relationships between ideas.

What is a "conjunction"?

conjunction

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A contraction is a shortened form of a word or group of words that combines them into one, often by omitting certain letters and replacing them with an apostrophe. For example, "do not" can be contracted to "don't", and "I am" becomes "I'm". Contractions are commonly used in spoken and informal written language to make speech or writing more fluid and conversational. They help convey a sense of familiarity and ease in communication, while still retaining the original meaning of the full expression.

What is a "contraction"?

contraction

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A determiner is a word that introduces a noun and provides information about specificity, quantity, or possession. Determiners help to clarify which noun is being referred to in a sentence. Common examples include articles like "a," "an," and "the," which indicate whether a noun is general or specific. Other types of determiners include possessive words like "my" and "their," which show ownership, and quantifiers like "some," "many," or "few," which indicate quantity. For example, in the phrase "the dog," "the" is the determiner that specifies which dog is being discussed. In English, determiners always appear before the noun, and their use may differ in other languages, where they might have different forms or rules for agreement with the noun they modify.

What is a "determiner"?

determiner

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exclamation mark

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grammatical

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An imperative verb is a verb used to give commands, instructions, or requests. It typically appears in the base form and addresses the listener directly, often omitting the subject, which is usually understood to be "you." For example, in the sentence "Close the door," the verb "close" is an imperative verb instructing someone to take action. Other examples include "Sit down," "Please pass the salt," and "Do your homework." Imperative verbs are important for conveying direct orders or suggestions, making them a key part of communication in both spoken and written language.

What is an "imperative verb"?

imperative verb

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Intonation refers to the variation in pitch while speaking, which helps convey meaning, emotion, and attitude. It involves the rise and fall of voice pitch over phrases and sentences, indicating whether a statement is a question, a command, or an expression of surprise, among other things. For example, in English, a rising intonation at the end of a sentence often suggests a question, while a falling intonation may indicate a statement or command. Intonation is important for effective communication, as it can change the intended meaning and help listeners interpret the speaker's emotions and intent.

What is "intonation"?

intonation

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An intransitive verb is a verb that does not require a direct object to complete its meaning. It can stand alone in a sentence and still convey a complete idea. Intransitive verbs describe actions or states that do not transfer action to an object. For example, in the sentence "She sleeps," the verb "sleeps" does not need a direct object to make sense. Other examples include "He runs," "They laughed," and "The sun shines." Intransitive verbs are important for constructing sentences that express actions or conditions without needing to specify an object.

What is an "intransitive verb"?

intransitive verb

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A transitive verb is a verb that requires one or more objects to complete its meaning. It transfers action from the subject to the object, creating a clear relationship between the two. In a sentence with a transitive verb, the action of the verb is directed towards the object. For example, in the sentence "She reads a book," the verb "reads" is transitive because it has the object "a book." Other examples include "He kicked the ball" and "They built a house." Transitive verbs are essential for expressing actions that affect an object, providing clarity in communication.

What is a "transitive verb"?

transitive verb

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Part of speech is a grammatical category that describes the role a word plays in a sentence. The main parts of speech include nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. Each part of speech serves a specific function, such as naming people or things, replacing nouns, expressing actions or states of being, describing nouns, modifying verbs or adjectives, showing relationships between words, connecting phrases or clauses, and expressing emotions. Understanding the different parts of speech is essential for constructing clear and grammatically correct sentences, as it helps identify how words interact within a sentence.

What is "part of speech"?

part of speech

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The passive voice is a grammatical construction in which the subject of a sentence receives the action of the verb rather than performing it. In this structure, the focus is on the action itself or the recipient of the action, rather than the doer. The passive voice is typically formed by using a form of the verb "to be" followed by the past participle of the main verb. For example, in the sentence "The book was read by the teacher," "the book" is the subject that receives the action, while "the teacher" is mentioned later in the sentence. The passive voice is useful for emphasizing the action or the recipient, especially when the doer is unknown or less important in the context.

What is the "passive voice"?

passive voice

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A period (.) is a punctuation mark used to indicate the end of a sentence. It signals that a thought or statement has been completed, allowing readers to pause before moving on to the next idea. For example, in the sentence "She enjoys reading," the period indicates that the thought is finished. Periods are also used in abbreviations, such as "Dr." for "Doctor" or "etc." for "et cetera." By marking the conclusion of sentences and clarifying meaning, periods play an essential role in written communication.

What is a "period"?

period

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A prefix is a type of affix that is added to the beginning of a base word or root to modify its meaning. Prefixes can change the meaning of the word in various ways, such as indicating negation, repetition, or degree. For example, the prefix "un-" can be added to the word "happy" to form "unhappy", which means not happy. Other examples include "redo", where the prefix "re-" indicates doing something again, and "preview", where "pre-" means before. Prefixes are important in word formation, allowing for the creation of new words and the expansion of vocabulary in many languages.

What is a "prefix"?

prefix

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A suffix is a type of affix that is added to the end of a base word or root to modify its meaning or grammatical function. Suffixes can change the part of speech, tense, or number of a word. For example, adding the suffix "-ing" to the verb "run" forms "running,", indicating an ongoing action. Similarly, adding the suffix "-ful" to the noun "beauty" creates the adjective "beautiful", which describes something that has beauty. Suffixes play an important role in word formation and help expand vocabulary in many languages.

What is a "suffix"?

suffix

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reflexive

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relative

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to quote

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A proper noun is a specific name used to identify a particular person, place, organization, or thing. Unlike common nouns, which refer to general items, proper nouns are always capitalized and refer to unique entities. Examples include "John," "Paris," "Microsoft," and "Christmas." Proper nouns help distinguish specific individuals or places from broader categories. For instance, "city" is a common noun, while "New York" is a proper noun. Recognizing proper nouns is important for identifying specific names in language and following proper capitalization rules.

What is a "proper noun"?

proper noun

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A common noun is a general name used to identify a category of people, places, things, or ideas rather than a specific individual. Common nouns are not capitalized unless they begin a sentence. Examples include "city," "dog," "book," and "happiness." These nouns represent general categories rather than unique entities. For instance, "teacher" is a common noun, while "Mr. Smith" is a proper noun referring to a specific individual. Understanding common nouns is important for distinguishing between general concepts and specific names in language.

What is a "common noun"?

common noun

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A quotation mark is a punctuation mark used to indicate the beginning and end of a direct quote or to highlight specific words or phrases. In English, quotation marks come in pairs, typically represented as “ ” or ' '. For example, in the sentence "She said, 'Hello,'" the quotation marks show that the words within them are the exact words spoken by someone. Quotation marks are also used to denote titles of short works, such as articles or poems, and to indicate irony or special meaning. By clearly defining quoted text, quotation marks enhance clarity and accuracy in writing.

What is a "quotation mark"?

quotation mark

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An object is a part of a sentence that receives the action of the verb or is affected by it. There are two main types of objects: direct objects and indirect objects. A direct object answers the question "what?" or "whom?" after the verb. For example, in the sentence "She reads a book," "a book" is the direct object because it is what is being read. An indirect object, on the other hand, tells to whom or for whom the action is performed. In the sentence "He gave her a gift," "her" is the indirect object because it indicates to whom the gift was given. Objects can be nouns, pronouns, or noun phrases, and they help to clarify the action and enhance the meaning of the sentence.

What is an "object"?

object

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An abstract noun is a type of noun that refers to ideas, qualities, emotions, or concepts that cannot be perceived through the five senses. Unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns represent things that are intangible and exist only in thought or as a state of being. Examples of abstract nouns include "love," "freedom," "happiness," "justice," and "courage." These nouns express concepts that cannot be seen, touched, or physically measured but are understood through experiences and feelings. Understanding abstract nouns is important for discussing emotions, values, and complex ideas.

What is an "abstract noun"?

abstract noun

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accent

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Here you will learn some English words about language and grammar, such as "article", "determiner", "abbreviation", etc. that are needed for the IELTS exam.

「言語と文法」のための英単語 | IELTS語彙