教育レベルと段階

Primary education is the first stage of formal education, typically for children aged five to eleven or twelve, depending on the country. It focuses on building basic academic skills such as reading, writing, and mathematics, along with introducing subjects like science, social studies, and art. Primary education is designed to provide a strong foundation for learning, helping children develop essential cognitive, social, and emotional skills. It usually takes place in primary or elementary schools and is mandatory in many countries to ensure that all children have access to education.

Secondary education is the stage of education that follows primary education and typically includes students aged twelve to eighteen, depending on the country. It builds on the foundation established in elementary school and introduces more specialized subjects such as mathematics, science, literature, history, and foreign languages. Secondary education is often divided into two stages: lower secondary, middle school or junior high, and upper secondary, high school. It aims to prepare students for higher education or the workforce, helping them develop advanced academic skills, critical thinking, and personal responsibility. In many countries, completing secondary education is required for graduation.

Lower secondary education refers to the part of secondary education typically for students aged twelve to fifteen. It follows primary education and serves as an introduction to more specialized subjects. In many systems, it is equivalent to middle school or junior high school. During this stage, students continue to study general subjects such as mathematics, language arts, science, and social studies, but with more in-depth learning. Lower secondary education aims to build foundational skills and prepare students for the more advanced studies of upper secondary education, which may lead to further academic or vocational paths.

Upper secondary education is the stage of education that follows lower secondary education and typically includes students aged fifteen to eighteen. It prepares students for higher education or vocational training. In many educational systems, this stage is equivalent to high school. Students can choose specialized tracks based on their interests, such as academic subjects like science, literature, or mathematics, or vocational courses that focus on skills for specific careers. Upper secondary education focuses on deeper subject knowledge, critical thinking, and prepares students for exams or qualifications required for university or work.

Post-secondary non-tertiary education refers to educational programs that are pursued after completing secondary education but are not classified as tertiary education, such as university or college. These programs typically focus on vocational or technical skills and are designed to prepare individuals for specific careers. They often include apprenticeships, technical training, and other forms of education that provide practical knowledge and expertise in various fields. These programs can last anywhere from a few months to a couple of years and can help students enter the workforce directly or provide a foundation for further education.

Tertiary education refers to any education or training that takes place after completing secondary school. It includes a wide range of learning options, from vocational courses and technical training to undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. This level of education can take place in universities, colleges, and vocational institutions, providing students with specialized knowledge and skills for various careers.

Postgraduate education refers to any academic program or course of study pursued after completing an undergraduate degree. It includes master's degrees, doctoral programs, and specialized diplomas or certificates. This level of education allows individuals to deepen their knowledge in a specific field, conduct research, or gain advanced professional skills. Postgraduate education is typically more focused on specialized study and can open doors to higher-level positions in various industries or academic careers.

Postdoctorate refers to academic or professional work done after completing a doctoral degree (PhD). This stage allows individuals to conduct advanced research in a specialized area of study. Postdoctorate positions are often temporary and offer opportunities for further academic development, publishing research, and gaining expertise in a specific field. It is common for postdoctoral researchers to work under the guidance of a senior scholar or professor in academic or research institutions, contributing to scientific discoveries and expanding knowledge within their discipline.