A disability is a physical, mental, sensory, or developmental condition that may limit a person's ability to perform certain tasks, participate in activities, or interact with their environment in the same way as others. Disabilities can vary widely in nature and seriousness, and they can appear from birth or later in life due to injury, illness, or other factors. People with disabilities may face challenges in areas such as movement, communication, learning, or daily living activities. However, with appropriate support, accommodations, and access to resources, individuals with disabilities can lead independent and fulfilling lives. It is important to promote acceptance and remove barriers to make sure of equal opportunities and participation for people with disabilities in all aspects of society.

What is a "disability"?

disability

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syndrome

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An impairment is a condition where a part of the body or brain does not function as it should, affecting one's ability to perform certain tasks or activities. This can include physical impairments, such as difficulty walking or seeing, or mental impairments, like problems with memory or understanding. Impairments can vary in seriousness and may be temporary or permanent, impacting daily life and requiring support or accommodations to manage effectively.

What is an "impairment"?

impairment

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Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a serious condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which attacks the immune system and weakens the body's ability to fight off infections and diseases. AIDS is considered the advanced stage of HIV infection, characterized by a significant decline in immune function and the development of infections or cancers. Symptoms of AIDS can include repeated fevers, unexplained weight loss, persistent diarrhea, and intense fatigue. Without treatment, AIDS can be life-threatening. However, with advancements in antiretroviral therapy (ART), many people with HIV can prevent the progression to AIDS and live long and healthy lives.

What is "Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome"?

AIDS

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Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways in the lungs. This inflammation can cause symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness. Asthma symptoms can vary in intensity and frequency, and they may be triggered by factors like allergens, exercise, cold air, or respiratory infections. While there is no cure for asthma, it can be managed effectively with medications such as inhalers to control inflammation and open the airways, as well as by avoiding triggers and adopting a healthy lifestyle. Regular monitoring and treatment can help people with asthma lead active and fulfilling lives while minimizing the risk of flare-ups and complications.

What is "asthma"?

asthma

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Cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow and spread uncontrollably, often forming lumps or tumors in the body. These abnormal cells can disturb the normal functioning of organs and tissues, leading to a range of symptoms depending on the type and location of the cancer. Common symptoms can include unexplained weight loss, lasting fatigue, changes in bowel or bladder habits, and unusual lumps or growths. There are many different types of cancer, each with its own set of risk factors, causes, and treatment options. Treatment for cancer may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the specific type and stage of the cancer. Early detection and immediate treatment are important for improving outcomes and increasing the chances of survival.

What is "cancer"?

cancer

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Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. It spreads through contaminated water or food, especially in places with poor hygiene. Cholera bacteria release a toxin that makes the intestines release lots of water, leading to watery diarrhea, vomiting, and fast loss of fluids and important minerals. Without quick treatment, severe dehydration can happen, which can be life-threatening. Treatment usually involves drinking special drinks with salt and sugar, called oral rehydration solution (ORS), or, in serious cases, getting fluids directly into a vein. Antibiotics may also be used to shorten the duration of symptoms and reduce the spread of the disease. Prevention of cholera involves improving hygiene, ensuring access to clean water, and vaccination in high-risk areas.

What is "cholera"?

cholera

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Plague is a serious bacterial infection caused by a bacterium called Yersinia pestis. It is usually spread through the bite of infected fleas, which can carry the bacterium from rodents to humans. Plague has historically caused widespread pandemics, like the Black Death in the Middle Ages, but today it is rare and mostly occurs in specific regions, particularly in parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Symptoms may include fever, chills, weakness, swollen glands, and difficulty breathing. Quick treatment with antibiotics is crucial to prevent serious complications and death. Public health measures, such as controlling rodents and preventing flea bites, are also important for stopping the spread of plague.

What is the "plague"?

plague

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Measles is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the measles virus. It primarily affects children and is spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes, releasing saliva or mucus. Symptoms typically include high fever, cough, runny nose, red eyes, and a characteristic red, spotty skin rash that usually starts on the face and spreads to the rest of the body. Measles can lead to serious complications such as pneumonia, encephalitis, and even death, especially in young children and those with weakened immune systems. Vaccination is highly effective in preventing measles and is part of the routine vaccination schedule in many countries.

What is "measles"?

measles

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Diabetes is a health condition where the body has difficulty controlling blood sugar levels. This occurs either because the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, known as Type 1 diabetes, or because the body does not effectively use the insulin it produces, known as Type 2 diabetes. Insulin is a hormone that helps sugar, glucose, from food enter cells to be used for energy. When insulin is not working properly, sugar builds up in the blood instead of being used by cells, leading to high blood sugar levels. Over time, high blood sugar can cause various complications, such as heart disease, kidney damage, nerve damage, and vision problems. Managing diabetes typically involves maintaining a healthy diet, regular exercise, monitoring blood sugar levels, and, in some cases, taking medication or insulin injections.

What is "diabetes"?

diabetes

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Chickenpox is a highly contagious viral infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. It mainly affects children and causes an itchy rash of red spots or blisters, often with flu-like symptoms such as fever, headache, and fatigue. The rash typically starts on the face, chest, and back before spreading to the rest of the body. Chickenpox is spread when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes, releasing saliva or mucus or direct contact with the rash. While uncomfortable, most cases of chickenpox resolve on their own within a week or two without serious complications. However, it can be more serious in adults, pregnant women, newborns, and people with weakened immune systems. Vaccination is available and highly effective in preventing chickenpox and its potential complications.

What is "chickenpox"?

chickenpox

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COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It mainly spreads when an infected person talks, coughs, or sneezes, releasing saliva or mucus. Symptoms can vary but commonly include fever, cough, fatigue, body aches, and loss of taste or smell. While most cases are mild, some individuals may experience serious complications, particularly older adults and those with underlying health conditions. Preventive measures like wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and getting vaccinated help reduce the spread of the disease and protect people against serious illness.

What is "Covid-19"?

Covid-19

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Seasickness is a type of motion sickness that occurs when on a boat or ship, leading to feelings of nausea and dizziness. It happens because the inner ear, which is responsible for balance, senses movement differently than the eyes, causing confusion in the brain. Symptoms of seasickness include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, sweating, and a general feeling of discomfort. Seasickness can be managed by sitting near the center of a boat where motion is minimized, focusing on the horizon, and taking medications like antihistamines or anti-nausea drugs. It's also helpful to avoid triggers such as reading while in motion.

What is "seasickness"?

seasickness

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A stroke occurs when part of the brain does not receive enough oxygen and nutrients because the blood supply is cut off or reduced. This can happen because of a blockage in an artery, known as an ischemic stroke, or the bursting of a blood vessel, known as a hemorrhagic stroke. Symptoms of a stroke include sudden numbness or weakness in the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body, difficulty speaking or understanding speech, confusion, trouble walking, dizziness, and an intense headache. Immediate medical attention is critical for treating a stroke, as early treatment can minimize brain damage and improve outcomes. Treatment may involve medications, procedures to remove blood clots, and rehabilitation to regain lost functions.

What is a "stroke"?

stroke

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A heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction, occurs when the blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked for an extended period, causing damage or death to the heart tissue. This blockage is typically caused by a buildup of fatty substances in the coronary arteries, which can burst and form a blood clot. Symptoms of a heart attack include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea, lightheadedness, and pain or discomfort in the arms, back, neck, or jaw. Immediate medical attention is crucial to restore blood flow and minimize heart damage. Treatment may involve medications, lifestyle changes, and procedures such as angioplasty or surgery to improve blood flow to the heart.

What is a "heart attack"?

heart attack

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An infection is the process in which harmful bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other microorganisms invade and multiply in the body, causing illness or disease. This invasion can lead to various symptoms such as fever, inflammation, pain, and fatigue. Infections can spread through direct contact, contaminated food or water, or through the air. The body’s immune system typically responds to fight off the invading microorganisms, and treatments may include antibiotics, antivirals, or other medications to help eliminate the infection and ease symptoms.

What is an "infection"?

infection

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shock

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genetic

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fatal

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disabled

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handicap

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Deafness is a condition where a person lacks or has limited ability to hear sounds. It can vary in seriousness, from partial hearing loss to complete deafness. Deafness can be present from birth or develop later in life due to factors such as genetic conditions, infections, exposure to loud noises, or aging. Individuals who are deaf may use sign language, lip-reading, hearing aids, or cochlear implants to communicate and navigate their environment. Supportive services and resources, such as education programs and accessibility accommodations, can help individuals with deafness lead fulfilling lives.

What is "deafness"?

deafness

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Blindness is a condition where a person lacks or loses their ability to see completely or partially. It can be caused by various factors such as eye diseases, injuries, or conditions affecting the optic nerve or brain. Blindness can range from mild visual problems to complete loss of sight. People who are blind may use alternative techniques and tools to navigate their surroundings, such as using a cane or guide dog, reading in braille, or using assistive technology. While blindness can significantly impact daily life, many individuals adapt and lead fulfilling lives with the support of specialized services and resources.

What is "blindness"?

blindness

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Tuberculosis, often referred to as TB, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body. Symptoms of TB may include persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood or phlegm, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes, making it highly contagious. While TB can be serious if left untreated, it is curable with antibiotics. Treatment typically involves a combination of several medications taken over several months. Prevention measures include early detection, isolation of infected individuals, and vaccination in regions where TB is common.

What is "tuberculosis"?

tuberculosis

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special needs

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Here you will learn some English words about physical disabilities and illness, such as "disability", "AIDS", "plague", etc. that are needed for the TOEFL exam.

"身体障害と病気"に関連する言葉 | TOEFLの必須語彙