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A verb is a word that describes an action, occurrence, or state of being. Verbs are essential parts of sentences because they express what the subject does or experiences. For example, in the sentence "She runs," "runs" is the verb that shows the action of running. Verbs can take different forms to indicate tense, such as "run" for present tense and "ran" for past tense. They can also show different aspects, like whether an action is ongoing or completed. Additionally, in English, verbs can change to reflect number, meaning they can indicate whether the subject is singular or plural, as seen in "he runs" for singular and "they run" for plural. In other languages, verbs may change in form to represent different features, such as gender or mood, which can vary widely across languages.

An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun, providing more information about it. Adjectives help to specify qualities, characteristics, or features of the noun they accompany. For example, in the phrase "a tall building," "tall" is the adjective that describes the height of the building. Adjectives can indicate various attributes, such as size, color, shape, or feelings, like "blue," "round," or "happy." In English, adjectives usually come before the noun, but they can also appear after verbs like "is" or "seem," as in "The sky is blue." In other languages, adjectives may change form to agree with the noun in gender, number, or case, which can vary widely compared to English.

A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Nouns are fundamental to sentences because they often serve as the subject or object. For example, in the sentence "The dog barks," "dog" is the noun that identifies the animal performing the action. Nouns can be classified into different categories, such as common nouns, which refer to general items like "car" or "city," and proper nouns, which name specific entities like "New York" or "Alice." In English, nouns can also indicate number, showing whether there is one item, like "car," or more than one, like "cars." In other languages, nouns may change form to show gender, case, or other grammatical features, which can vary widely across languages.

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb, providing additional information about how, when, where, or to what extent something occurs. For example, in the sentence "She runs quickly," "quickly" is the adverb that describes how she runs. In English, adverbs can appear in various positions within a sentence, and their placement can affect the meaning. In other languages, adverbs may have different forms or rules for usage, which can vary from those in English.