Biology

culture

Rzeczownik

/kʌl.ʧər/ or /kal.chēr/

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ʌ

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(kultury)

hodowla

the process of growing cells, tissues, or organisms in an artificial environment with controlled conditions such as temperature, nutrients, and pH

metabolic

przymiotnik

/mɛ.tə.bɑ.lɪk/ or /me.tē.baa.lik/

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(metabolizmowy)

metaboliczny

relating to the chemical processes that occur within a living organism to maintain life

specimen

Rzeczownik

/spɛ.sə.mən/ or /spe.sē.mēn/

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(próbka)

okaz

a representative or characteristic sample that is examined or analyzed to gain insights or understanding of a particular group or category

genus

Rzeczownik

/ʤi.nəs/ or /ji.nēs/

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ʤ

e

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ə

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(genus)

rodzaj

(biology) any of the groups that plants, animals, etc. with similar characteristics are divided into, which is larger than a species and smaller than a family

strain

Rzeczownik

/streɪn/ or /strein/

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s

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ai

eɪ

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(wariant)

szczep

a genetic variant or subtype of a microorganism, typically within a species, that possesses distinct characteristics from other members of the same species

to excrete

Czasownik

/ɪksk.rit/ or /iksk.rit/

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ɪ

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(ekskretować)

wydalać

to discharge waste products or substances from the body or cells into the environment, typically through urine, feces, or sweat

eukaryote

Rzeczownik

/ju:.ka.rɪoʊt/ or /yoo.ka.riooot/

eu

ju:

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a

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ɪ

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oʊ

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(organizm eukariotyczny)

eukariot

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

asexual reproduction

Rzeczownik

/eɪsˈɛkʃuːəl ɹɪpɹədˈʌkʃən/

(reprodukcja bezpłciowa)

rozmnażanie bezpłciowe

a type of reproduction where a single organism can produce offspring without the involvement of another organism

meiosis

Rzeczownik

/maɪoʊss/ or /maioooss/

m

m

eio

aɪoʊ

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s

i

s

s

(mejotyczny podział)

mejoza

a type of cell division that creates reproductive cells with half the usual number of chromosomes

interphase

Rzeczownik

/ɪn.tər.feɪz/ or /in.tēr.feiz/

i

ɪ

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ph

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a

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(faza interfazy)

interfaza

the longest phase of the cell cycle during which the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and carries out its normal functions

prophase

Rzeczownik

/proʊ.feɪz/ or /prooo.feiz/

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p

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ɑ:

ph

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a

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(faza profazy)

profaza

the initial phase of mitosis, where chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes and the nuclear membrane dissolves, preparing for cell division

metaphase

Rzeczownik

/mɛ.tə.feɪz/ or /me.tē.feiz/

m

m

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ph

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(faza metafizyczna)

metafaza

the stage of mitosis where chromosomes align along the center (equator) of the cell, preparing for their separation into daughter cells

anaphase

Rzeczownik

/æ.na.feɪz/ or /ā.na.feiz/

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æ

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(anafazy)

anafaza

the stage of cell division where sister chromatids or homologous chromosomes are pulled apart towards opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibers

telophase

Rzeczownik

/tɛ.lə.feɪz/ or /te.lē.feiz/

t

t

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ɛ

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o

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ph

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a

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(telofaza mejozy)

telofaza

the last stage of meiosis where chromosomes reach opposite poles, nuclear envelopes reform, and cells prepare to divide into daughter cells with half the original chromosome number

to biodegrade

Czasownik

/baɪoʊ.dɪg.reɪd/ or /baiooo.dig.reid/

b

b

io

aɪoʊ

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ɪ

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(ulegać biodegradacji)

biodegradować

to break down or decompose naturally by biological processes, typically through the action of microorganisms like bacteria or fungi

biomolecule

Rzeczownik

/baɪoʊ.mɑ.lə.kjul/ or /baiooo.maa.lē.kyool/

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b

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aɪoʊ

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ɑ:

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(cząsteczka biologiczna)

biomolekuła

any molecule produced by living organisms including large molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids, as well as smaller molecules like vitamins, hormones, and metabolites

bioinformatics

Rzeczownik

/baɪoʊ.ɪn.fɜr.mæ.tɪks/ or /baiooo.in.fēr.mā.tiks/

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b

ioi

aɪoʊɪ

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ɔ:

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(bioinformacja)

bioinformatyka

a field of study that combines biology and computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data

biocompatible

przymiotnik

/baɪoʊ.kəm.pæ.tə.bəl/ or /baiooo.kēm.pā.tē.bēl/

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io

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(biologicznie zgodny)

biokompatybilny

not causing harmful reactions or adverse effects when in contact with biological systems

biometrics

Rzeczownik

/baɪoʊ.mɛt.rɪks/ or /baiooo.met.riks/

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aɪoʊ

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(biomasa statystyczna)

biometria

a branch of biology that employs statistical analysis to study and interpret biological phenomena and observations

microbiology

Rzeczownik

/maɪk.roʊ.baɪɑ.lə.ʤi/ or /maik.rooo.baiaa.lē.ji/

m

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(mikrobiologii)

mikrobiologia

the branch of biology that deals with microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, and their effects on living organisms

physiologist

Rzeczownik

/fɪ.ziɑ.lə.ʤɪst/ or /fi.ziaa.lē.jist/

ph

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io

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(naukowiec zajmujący się fizjologią)

fizjolog

a scientist who studies the normal functions and activities of living organisms and their parts, often focusing on how biological systems work at the molecular, cellular, and organ levels

ecotourism

Rzeczownik

/ɛ.koʊ.tʊ.rɪ.zəm/ or /e.kooo.too.ri.zēm/

e

ɛ

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ou

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(turystyka ekologiczna)

ekoturystyka

tourism that includes visiting endangered natural environments which aims at preservation of the wildlife and the nature

biomimicry

Rzeczownik

/baɪoʊ.mɪ.mɪk.ri/ or /baiooo.mi.mik.ri/

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io

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(biomimikra)

biomimetyka

an approach to innovation and problem-solving that draws inspiration from nature's designs, processes, and systems

mucus

Rzeczownik

/mju.kəs/ or /myoo.kēs/

m

m

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ju

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k

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ə

s

s

(wydzielina śluzowa)

śluz

a thick slimy substance produced by mucous membranes, inside the nose or the mouth, to lubricate and protect them

virion

Rzeczownik

/vɪ.riən/ or /vi.riēn/

v

v

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ɪ

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io

iə

n

n

(cząstka wirusowa)

wirion

a complete virus particle that includes genetic material wrapped in a protein coat, capable of infecting host cells to replicate

conditioning

Rzeczownik

/kən.dɪ.ʃə.nɪng/ or /kēn.di.shē.ning/

c

k

o

ə

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(kondycjonowanie)

warunkowanie

the process of training or adapting behavior through repeated experiences or stimuli to produce specific responses or associations

gamete

Rzeczownik

/gæ.mit/ or /gā.mit/

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g

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æ

m

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(komórka jajowa)

gameta

a special cell used for reproduction, with sperm cells being the male gametes and egg cells being the female gametes

microbiome

Rzeczownik

/maɪk.roʊ.bɪoʊm/ or /maik.rooo.biooom/

m

m

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aɪ

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k

r

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o

oʊ

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ɪoʊ

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(mikroflora)

mikrobiom

the collection of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that inhabit a particular environment

anthropogenic

przymiotnik

/ænθ.rə.pə.ʤɛ.nɪk/ or /ānth.rē.pē.je.nik/

a

æ

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th

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(wywołany przez człowieka)

antropogeniczny

refering to processes, effects, or phenomena that are caused by human activity or influence

motility

Rzeczownik

/moʊ.tɪ.lɪ.ti/ or /mooo.ti.li.ti/

m

m

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oʊ

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(ruchomość)

motylność

the ability of an organism or cell to move independently using specialized structures such as flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

protist

Rzeczownik

/prɑ:.tɪst/ or /praa.tist/

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ɑ:

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(organizm protistyczny)

protist

a single-celled organism that is neither a plant, animal, nor fungus, typically found in aquatic or moist environments

homologous

przymiotnik

/hɑ.mɑ.lə.gəs/ or /haa.maa.lē.gēs/

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(podobny)

homologiczny

reflecting a similarity in arrangement, type, or origin, particularly within the same species

bioluminescence

Rzeczownik

/baɪoʊ.lu.mə.nɛs.əns/ or /baiooo.loo.mē.nes.ēns/

b

b

io

aɪoʊ

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u:

m

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(luminescencja biologiczna)

bioluminescencja

the light produced by by living organisms as a result of biochemical reactions, often used for communication, attracting prey, or camouflage

hydroid

Rzeczownik

/haɪd.rɔɪd/ or /haid.rawid/

h

h

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aɪ

d

d

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r

oi

ɔɪ

d

d

(hydrozoid)

hydroid

a small, plant-like aquatic organism belonging to the class Hydrozoa, often forming branching colonies

transdifferentiation

Rzeczownik

/træns.dɪ.fə.rɛn.ʃɪeɪ.ʃən/ or /trāns.di.fē.ren.shiei.shēn/

t

t

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æ

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ʃ

ia

ɪeɪ

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(transdiferencjacja)

transdyferencjacja

the process by which a differentiated cell changes its identity and adopts the characteristics of a different cell type

mycelium

Rzeczownik

/maɪ.si:.liəm/ or /mai.si.liēm/

m

m

y

aɪ

c

s

e

i:

l

l

iu

iə

m

m

(grzybnia)

mycelium

the network of thread-like structures that form the vegetative part of a fungus, typically growing underground or within a substrate

mutualist

przymiotnik

/mju:.ʧu:ə.lɪst/ or /myoo.chooē.list/

m

m

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ju:

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u:

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(symbiotyczny)

wzajemny

(of an organism) engaging in a symbiotic relationship where both participants benefit from the interaction

commensal

przymiotnik

/kə.mɛn.səl/ or /kē.men.sēl/

c

k

o

ə

mm

m

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ɛ

n

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s

s

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ə

l

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(komensalizm)

komensalny

describing a relationship between two organisms where one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

mycorrhiza

Rzeczownik

/maɪ.kər.aɪ.zə/ or /mai.kēr.ai.zē/

m

m

y

aɪ

c

k

o

ə

rr

r

h

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aɪ

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a

ə

(grzybnia korzeniowa)

mykoryza

a mutually beneficial symbiotic association between the roots of plants and fungi where the fungus colonizes the root system, facilitating nutrient uptake from the soil

to assimilate

Czasownik

/ə.sɪ.mə.leɪt/ or /ē.si.mē.leit/

a

ə

ss

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ɪ

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eɪ

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(przyswajać)

asimilować

(of organisms) to absorb and incorporate nutrients or substances from their environment into their own tissues or cells

spore

Rzeczownik

/spɔr/ or /spawr/

s

s

p

p

o

ɔ

r

r

e

(spora)

zarodnik

a reproductive cell capable of developing into a new organism without fusion with another cell, often adapted for survival in harsh conditions

biomass

Rzeczownik

/baɪoʊ.mæs/ or /baiooo.mās/

b

b

io

aɪə

m

m

a

æ

ss

s

(masa biologiczna)

biomasa

the entirety of living organisms in a specific area or ecosystem, typically measured as dry weight after removing water

taxonomy

Rzeczownik

/tæk.sɔ.nə.mi/ or /tāk.saw.nē.mi/

t

t

a

æ

x

ks

o

ɔ

n

n

o

ə

m

m

y

i

(klasyfikacja organizmów)

taksonomia

the scientific discipline of classifying and naming organisms based on their evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics

petri dish

Rzeczownik

/pˈɛtɹi dˈɪʃ/

(pojemnik Petriego)

szalka Petriego

a shallow, circular, transparent dish with a lid, commonly used in laboratories to culture and study microorganisms

agar

Rzeczownik

/eɪ.gɜr/ or /ei.gēr/

a

eɪ

g

g

a

ɜ

r

r

(agar-agar)

agar

a jelly-like substance extracted from algae, commonly used in biological culture media and as a thickening agent in foods

cosmology

Rzeczownik

/kɔz.mɔ.lə.ʤi/ or /kawz.maw.lē.ji/

c

k

o

ɔ

s

z

m

m

o

ɔ

l

l

o

ə

g

ʤ

y

i

(nauka o kosmosie)

kosmologia

the study of the beginning and characteristic of the universe

virulent

przymiotnik

/vɪ.rə.lənt/ or /vi.rē.lēnt/

v

v

i

ɪ

r

r

u

ə

l

l

e

ə

n

n

t

t

(zjadliwy)

żrący

extremely venomous and effective

decomposition

Rzeczownik

/ˌdikəmpəˈzɪʃən/, /ˌdikəmpoʊˈzɪʃən/

(rozpad)

dekompozycja

the natural process where bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter, returning nutrients to the ecosystem

substrate

Rzeczownik

/səbs.treɪt/ or /sēbs.treit/

s

s

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ə

b

b

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s

t

t

r

r

a

eɪ

t

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(substrat)

podłoże

the underlying surface or material where an organism attaches, grows, or feeds

excitatory

przymiotnik

/ɛks.ɪ.tə.to:.ri/ or /eks.i.tē.to.ri/

e

ɛ

x

ks

c

i

ɪ

t

t

a

ə

t

t

o

o:

r

r

y

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(excytacyjny)

pobudzający

capable of triggering an increase in the activity or responsiveness of the cell or organism

fission yeast

Rzeczownik

/fˈɪʃən jˈiːst/

(drożdże fuzjowe)

drożdże rozszczepowe

a single-celled organism used extensively in biological research as a model organism

ameba

Rzeczownik

/eɪm.bə/ or /eim.bē/

a

eɪ

m

m

e

b

b

a

ə

(ameba jedno komórkowa)

ameba

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

adaptation

Rzeczownik

/æ.dəp.teɪ.ʃən/ or /ā.dēp.tei.shēn/

a

æ

d

d

a

ə

p

p

t

t

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(przystosowanie)

adaptacja

the process by which organisms evolve over time to better suit their environment, survive, and reproduce more effectively