Nauki społeczne

agency

Rzeczownik

/eɪ.ʤən.si/ or /ei.jēn.si/

a

eɪ

g

ʤ

e

ə

n

n

c

s

y

i

(sprawczość)

agencja

the capacity or power of an individual or entity to take action, make decisions, and influence or control their environment or circumstances

clan

Rzeczownik

/klæn/ or /klān/

c

k

l

l

a

æ

n

n

(rodzina)

klan

a large group of people who are related to each other

chiefdom

Rzeczownik

/ʧif.dəm/ or /chif.dēm/

ch

ʧ

ie

i

f

f

d

d

o

ə

m

m

(szefostwo)

wodzostwo

a form of sociopolitical organization in which a centralized authority governs a community or a collection of communities

collective

Rzeczownik

/kə.lɛk.tɪv/ or /kē.lek.tiv/

c

k

o

ə

ll

l

e

ɛ

c

k

t

t

i

ɪ

v

v

e

(zbiorowisko)

kolegium

a cooperative or united group of individuals, entities, or elements working together for a common purpose or interest

urbanization

Rzeczownik

/ɜr.bə.nə.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /ēr.bē.nē.zei.shēn/

u

ɜ

r

r

b

b

a

ə

n

n

i

ə

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(ubezpieczanie)

urbanizacja

the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

civilization

Rzeczownik

/sɪ.və.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /si.vē.li.zei.shēn/

c

s

i

ɪ

v

v

i

ə

l

l

i

ɪ

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z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(kultura)

cywilizacja

a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

bureaucracy

Rzeczownik

/bjʊ.rɑk.rə.si/ or /byoo.raak.rē.si/

b

b

u

jʊ

r

r

eau

ɑ

c

k

r

r

a

ə

c

s

y

i

(administracja biurokratyczna)

biurokracja

an organizational structure characterized by strict procedures, rules, and regulations designed to manage complex tasks or activities efficiently

socialization

Rzeczownik

/soʊ.ʃə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /sooo.shē.li.zei.shēn/

s

s

o

oʊ

c

ʃ

ia

ə

l

l

i

ɪ

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(ujawnienie społeczne)

socjalizacja

the process through which individuals within a society or group learn and internalize behavior patterns, norms, values, and customs through interactions, education, and social experiences

civil right

Rzeczownik

/sˈɪvəl ɹˈaɪt/

(prawo cywilne)

prawo obywatelskie

any of the basic freedoms or rights that protect individuals from unfair treatment and ensure equality under the law, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or other characteristics

status quo

Rzeczownik

/stˈæɾəs kwˈoʊ/

(stan rzeczy)

status quo

the situation or condition that is currently at hand

industrialization

Rzeczownik

/ɪn.dəst.riə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /in.dēst.riē.li.zei.shēn/

i

ɪ

n

n

d

d

u

ə

s

s

t

t

r

r

ia

iə

l

l

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ɪ

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a

eɪ

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ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(uprzemysłowienie)

industrializacja

the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

aristocracy

Rzeczownik

/ɛ.rəs.tɑk.rə.si/ or /e.rēs.taak.rē.si/

a

ɛ

r

r

i

ə

s

s

t

t

o

ɑ

c

k

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a

ə

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s

y

i

(arystokratyczna klasa)

arystokracja

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

royalty

Rzeczownik

/rɔɪəl.ti/ or /rawiēl.ti/

r

r

o

ɔ

y

ɪ

a

ə

l

l

t

t

y

i

(rodzina królewska)

królewskość

kings and queens and any member of their families

infrastructure

Rzeczownik

/ɪnf.rə.strək.ʧɜr/ or /inf.rē.strēk.chēr/

i

ɪ

n

n

f

f

r

r

a

ə

s

s

t

t

r

r

u

ə

c

k

t

ʧ

u

ɜ

r

r

e

(podstawa materialna)

infrastruktura

the basic physical structures and systems that support and enable the functioning of a society or organization, such as roads and bridges

legitimacy

Rzeczownik

/lə.ʤɪ.tə.mə.si/ or /lē.ji.tē.mē.si/

l

l

e

ə

g

ʤ

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ɪ

t

t

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m

m

a

ə

c

s

y

i

(uzasadnienie)

legitymacja

the state of being valid, justifiable, or morally acceptable

theory of mind

Rzeczownik

/θˈiəɹi ʌv mˈaɪnd/

(teoria myślenia)

teoria umysłu

the understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives that are different from one's own

civil disobedience

Rzeczownik

/sˈɪvəl dˌɪsoʊbˈiːdiəns/

(obywatelska nieposłuszeństwo)

nieposłuszeństwo obywatelskie

the deliberate and nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government or authority, typically as a form of protest

nonconformity

Rzeczownik

/ˌnɑnkənˈfɔɹməti/

(nienormowość)

niezgodność

the behavior or attitude that does not follow established norms, conventions, or expectations within a society or group

outcast

Rzeczownik

/aʊt.kæst/ or /aoot.kāst/

o

a

u

ʊ

t

t

c

k

a

æ

s

s

t

t

(odrzucony)

wygnaniec

a person who has been rejected or excluded from a social group or society, often due to their behavior, beliefs, or social status

refugee

Rzeczownik

/rɛ.fju.ʤi/ or /re.fyoo.ji/

r

r

e

ɛ

f

f

u

ju

g

ʤ

ee

i

(refugee)

uchodźca

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

commune

Rzeczownik

/kɑ.mjun/ or /kaa.myoon/

c

k

o

ɑ

mm

m

u

ju

n

n

e

(komuna)

gmina

a local administrative unit in certain countries, functioning as the smallest division of government

parish

Rzeczownik

/pæ.rɪʃ/ or /pā.rish/

p

p

a

æ

r

r

i

ɪ

sh

ʃ

(gmina)

parafia

an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

caste

Rzeczownik

/kæst/ or /kāst/

c

k

a

æ

s

s

t

t

e

(system kastowy)

kasta

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

echelon

Rzeczownik

/ɛ.ʃə.lɑn/ or /e.shē.laan/

e

ɛ

ch

ʃ

e

ə

l

l

o

ɑ

n

n

(szereg)

poziom

a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society, indicating a person's status or authority within that hierarchy

station

Rzeczownik

/steɪ.ʃən/ or /stei.shēn/

s

s

t

t

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(pozycja)

stanowisko

a person's social rank or position within a structured hierarchy or society

classist

przymiotnik

/klæ.sɪst/ or /klā.sist/

c

k

l

l

a

æ

ss

s

i

ɪ

s

s

t

t

(klasowy)

klasistowski

marked by discrimination against or prejudice toward individuals or groups based on their social class

humble

przymiotnik

/həm.bəl/ or /hēm.bēl/

h

h

u

ə

m

m

b

b

ə

l

l

e

(skromny)

pokorny

having a low social rank or position, often characterized by modesty

socioeconomic

przymiotnik

/soʊ.sioʊɛk.nɑ.mɪk/ or /sooo.sioooek.naa.mik/

s

s

o

oʊ

c

s

ioe

ioʊɛ

c

k

o

n

n

o

ɑ

m

m

i

ɪ

c

k

(społeczno-ekonomiczny)

socioekonomiczny

referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

indigenous

przymiotnik

/ɪn.dɪ.ʤə.nəs/ or /in.di.jē.nēs/

i

ɪ

n

n

d

d

i

ɪ

g

ʤ

e

ə

n

n

ou

ə

s

s

(tubylczy)

rdzenny

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

humanitarian

przymiotnik

/hju.mæ.nə.tɛ.riən/ or /hyoo.mā.nē.te.riēn/

h

h

u

ju

m

m

a

æ

n

n

i

ə

t

t

a

ɛ

r

r

ia

iə

n

n

(humanitarny dotyczący pomocy)

humanitarny

involved in or related to helping people who are in need to improve their living conditions

cosmopolitan

przymiotnik

/kɑz.mə.pɑ.lə.tən/ or /kaaz.mē.paa.lē.tēn/

c

k

o

ɑ

s

z

m

m

o

ə

p

p

o

ɑ

l

l

i

ə

t

t

a

ə

n

n

(wielokulturowy)

kosmopolityczny

including a wide range of people with different nationalities and cultures

utopian

przymiotnik

/ju.toʊ.piən/ or /yoo.tooo.piēn/

u

ju

t

t

o

oʊ

p

p

ia

iə

n

n

(utopistyczny)

utopijny

referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

progressive

przymiotnik

/prəg.rɛ.sɪv/ or /prēg.re.siv/

p

p

r

r

o

ə

g

g

r

r

e

ɛ

ss

s

i

ɪ

v

v

e

(progresywny)

postępowy

advocating for social, political, or economic reform and improvement

militant

przymiotnik

/mɪ.lə.tənt/ or /mi.lē.tēnt/

m

m

i

ɪ

l

l

i

ə

t

t

a

ə

n

n

t

t

(bojowy)

militarny

displaying violent acts for the sake of a social or political aim

to census

Czasownik

/sɛn.səs/ or /sen.sēs/

c

s

e

ɛ

n

n

s

s

u

ə

s

s

(spisywać ludność)

przeprowadzać spis ludności

to systematically collect and record demographic data about a population

to assimilate

Czasownik

/ə.sɪ.mə.leɪt/ or /ē.si.mē.leit/

a

ə

ss

s

i

ɪ

m

m

i

ə

l

l

a

eɪ

t

t

e

(integrować się)

asymilować

to integrate into a new environment, often by adopting its language, norms, values, and practices