Russia

Russia

Poland

Poland

Ukraine

Ukraine

Czech Republic

Czech Republic

Slovakia

Slovakia

Lithuania

Lithuania

Belarus

Belarus

Estonia

Estonia

Romania

Romania

Hungary

Hungary

Central and Eastern Europe

Central and Eastern Europe

Russia - Countries

20 chapters
levelintermediate

Immerse yourself in our readings on Central and Eastern Europe to improve your English skills and discover the fascinating histories, diverse cultures, and rema

Vocabulary
1.
vast
[adj]
/ˈvæst/
2.
cover
[v]
/ˈkʌvɚ/
3.
stretch
[v]
/ˈstɹɛtʃ/
4.
breathtaking
[adj]
/ˈbreθˌteɪkɪŋ/
5.
landscape
[n]
/ˈlændˌskeɪp/
6.
diverse
[adj]
/daɪˈvɝs/, /dɪˈvɝs/
7.
countryside
[n]
/ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd/
8.
grand
[adj]
/ˈɡɹænd/
9.
span
[v]
/spæn/
10.
time zone
[n]
/tˈaɪm zˈoʊn/
11.
wide-eyed
[adj]
/wˈaɪdˈaɪd/
12.
tundra
[n]
/ˈtʌndrə/
13.
wheat
[n]
/ˈhwit/, /ˈwit/
14.
mountain range
[n]
/ˈmaʊntən ˌreɪndʒ/
15.
freshwater
[n]
/ˈfɹɛʃˌwɔtɝ/
16.
[miss] the (boat|bus)
[phrase]
/mˈɪs ðə bˈoʊt bˈʌs/
17.
rule
[v]
/ruːl/
18.
czar
[n]
/ˈzɑɹ/
19.
ruler
[n]
/ˈɹuɫɝ/
20.
revolution
[n]
/ˌɹɛvəˈɫuʃən/
21.
lead
[v]
/liːd/
22.
state
[n]
/steɪt/
23.
major power
[n]
/mˈeɪdʒɚ pˈaʊɚ/
24.
cold war
[n]
/kˈoʊld wˈɔːɹ/
25.
[keep] an eye on {sb/sth}
[phrase]
/kˈiːp ɐn ˈaɪ ˌɑːn ˌɛsbˈiː slˈæʃ ˌɛstˌiːˈeɪtʃ/
26.
break apart
[v]
/bɹˈeɪk ɐpˈɑːɹt/
27.
dumpling
[n]
/ˈdəmpɫɪŋ/
28.
cabbage
[n]
/ˈkæbɪʤ/
29.
ballet company
[n]
/bælˈeɪ kˈʌmpəni/
30.
ballet
[n]
/bæˈɫeɪ/
31.
the cream of the crop
[phrase]
/ðə kɹˈiːm ʌvðə kɹˈɑːp/
32.
when it comes to {sth}
[phrase]
/wˌɛn ɪt kˈʌmz tʊ ˌɛstˌiːˈeɪtʃ/
33.
fortress
[n]
/ˈfɔɹtɹəs/
34.
public square
[n]
/pˈʌblɪk skwˈɛɹ/
35.
[take] place
[phrase]
/tˈeɪk plˈeɪs/
36.
dome
[n]
/doʊm/
37.
fairy tale
[n]
/ˈfɛri teɪl/
38.
canal
[n]
/kəˈnæl/
39.
palace
[n]
/ˈpæləs/
40.
richness
[n]
/ˈɹɪtʃnəs/
41.
by surprise
[adv]
/baɪ sɚpɹˈaɪz/
42.
[make] the best of {sth}
[phrase]
/mˌeɪk ðə bˈɛst ʌv ˌɛstˌiːˈeɪtʃ/
43.
pancake
[n]
/pænkeɪk/
44.
sledding
[n]
/ˈsɫɛdɪŋ/
45.
ice skating
[n]
/ˈaɪs ˈskeɪtɪŋ/
46.
mark
[v]
/mɑrk/
47.
parade
[n]
/pɝˈeɪd/
48.
railway
[n]
/ˈɹeɪɫˌweɪ/
49.
along the way
[phrase]
/ɐlˈɑːŋ ðə wˈeɪ/

1.
vast
[adj]
/ˈvæst/
2.
cover
[v]
/ˈkʌvɚ/
3.
stretch
[v]
/ˈstɹɛtʃ/
4.
breathtaking
[adj]
/ˈbreθˌteɪkɪŋ/
5.
landscape
[n]
/ˈlændˌskeɪp/
6.
diverse
[adj]
/daɪˈvɝs/, /dɪˈvɝs/
7.
countryside
[n]
/ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd/
8.
grand
[adj]
/ˈɡɹænd/
9.
span
[v]
/spæn/
10.
time zone
[n]
/tˈaɪm zˈoʊn/
11.
wide-eyed
[adj]
/wˈaɪdˈaɪd/
12.
tundra
[n]
/ˈtʌndrə/
13.
wheat
[n]
/ˈhwit/, /ˈwit/
14.
mountain range
[n]
/ˈmaʊntən ˌreɪndʒ/
15.
freshwater
[n]
/ˈfɹɛʃˌwɔtɝ/
16.
[miss] the (boat|bus)
[phrase]
/mˈɪs ðə bˈoʊt bˈʌs/
17.
rule
[v]
/ruːl/
18.
czar
[n]
/ˈzɑɹ/
19.
ruler
[n]
/ˈɹuɫɝ/
20.
revolution
[n]
/ˌɹɛvəˈɫuʃən/
21.
lead
[v]
/liːd/
22.
state
[n]
/steɪt/
23.
major power
[n]
/mˈeɪdʒɚ pˈaʊɚ/
24.
cold war
[n]
/kˈoʊld wˈɔːɹ/
25.
[keep] an eye on {sb/sth}
[phrase]
/kˈiːp ɐn ˈaɪ ˌɑːn ˌɛsbˈiː slˈæʃ ˌɛstˌiːˈeɪtʃ/
26.
break apart
[v]
/bɹˈeɪk ɐpˈɑːɹt/
27.
dumpling
[n]
/ˈdəmpɫɪŋ/
28.
cabbage
[n]
/ˈkæbɪʤ/
29.
ballet company
[n]
/bælˈeɪ kˈʌmpəni/
30.
ballet
[n]
/bæˈɫeɪ/
31.
the cream of the crop
[phrase]
/ðə kɹˈiːm ʌvðə kɹˈɑːp/
32.
when it comes to {sth}
[phrase]
/wˌɛn ɪt kˈʌmz tʊ ˌɛstˌiːˈeɪtʃ/
33.
fortress
[n]
/ˈfɔɹtɹəs/
34.
public square
[n]
/pˈʌblɪk skwˈɛɹ/
35.
[take] place
[phrase]
/tˈeɪk plˈeɪs/
36.
dome
[n]
/doʊm/
37.
fairy tale
[n]
/ˈfɛri teɪl/
38.
canal
[n]
/kəˈnæl/
39.
palace
[n]
/ˈpæləs/
40.
richness
[n]
/ˈɹɪtʃnəs/
41.
by surprise
[adv]
/baɪ sɚpɹˈaɪz/
42.
[make] the best of {sth}
[phrase]
/mˌeɪk ðə bˈɛst ʌv ˌɛstˌiːˈeɪtʃ/
43.
pancake
[n]
/pænkeɪk/
44.
sledding
[n]
/ˈsɫɛdɪŋ/
45.
ice skating
[n]
/ˈaɪs ˈskeɪtɪŋ/
46.
mark
[v]
/mɑrk/
47.
parade
[n]
/pɝˈeɪd/
48.
railway
[n]
/ˈɹeɪɫˌweɪ/
49.
along the way
[phrase]
/ɐlˈɑːŋ ðə wˈeɪ/
1.
vast
[adj]
/ˈvæst/
vasto
2.
cover
[v]
/ˈkʌvɚ/
cobrir
3.
stretch
[v]
/ˈstɹɛtʃ/
estender-se
4.
breathtaking
[adj]
/ˈbreθˌteɪkɪŋ/
de tirar o fôlego
5.
landscape
[n]
/ˈlændˌskeɪp/
paisagem
6.
diverse
[adj]
/daɪˈvɝs/, /dɪˈvɝs/
diverso
7.
countryside
[n]
/ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd/
campo
8.
grand
[adj]
/ˈɡɹænd/
grandioso
9.
span
[v]
/spæn/
abarcar
10.
time zone
[n]
/tˈaɪm zˈoʊn/
fuso horário
11.
wide-eyed
[adj]
/wˈaɪdˈaɪd/
de olhos arregalados
12.
tundra
[n]
/ˈtʌndrə/
tundra
13.
wheat
[n]
/ˈhwit/, /ˈwit/
trigo
14.
mountain range
[n]
/ˈmaʊntən ˌreɪndʒ/
cadeia de montanhas
15.
freshwater
[n]
/ˈfɹɛʃˌwɔtɝ/
água doce
16.
[miss] the (boat|bus)
[phrase]
/mˈɪs ðə bˈoʊt bˈʌs/
perder a oportunidade
17.
rule
[v]
/ruːl/
governar
18.
czar
[n]
/ˈzɑɹ/
czar
19.
ruler
[n]
/ˈɹuɫɝ/
soberano
20.
revolution
[n]
/ˌɹɛvəˈɫuʃən/
revolução
21.
lead
[v]
/liːd/
levar a
22.
state
[n]
/steɪt/
estado
23.
major power
[n]
/mˈeɪdʒɚ pˈaʊɚ/
grande potência
24.
cold war
[n]
/kˈoʊld wˈɔːɹ/
guerra fria
25.
[keep] an eye on {sb/sth}
[phrase]
/kˈiːp ɐn ˈaɪ ˌɑːn ˌɛsbˈiː slˈæʃ ˌɛstˌiːˈeɪtʃ/
to closely watch a person or thing, particularly in order to make sure they are safe
26.
break apart
[v]
/bɹˈeɪk ɐpˈɑːɹt/
desmoronar
27.
dumpling
[n]
/ˈdəmpɫɪŋ/
bolinho
28.
cabbage
[n]
/ˈkæbɪʤ/
repolho
29.
ballet company
[n]
/bælˈeɪ kˈʌmpəni/
companhia de balé
30.
ballet
[n]
/bæˈɫeɪ/
balé
31.
the cream of the crop
[phrase]
/ðə kɹˈiːm ʌvðə kɹˈɑːp/
*** the very best of a particular group of people or things.
32.
when it comes to {sth}
[phrase]
/wˌɛn ɪt kˈʌmz tʊ ˌɛstˌiːˈeɪtʃ/
used to refer to a particular topic or situation when discussing or considering something
33.
fortress
[n]
/ˈfɔɹtɹəs/
fortaleza
34.
public square
[n]
/pˈʌblɪk skwˈɛɹ/
praça pública
35.
[take] place
[phrase]
/tˈeɪk plˈeɪs/
to occur at a specific time or location
36.
dome
[n]
/doʊm/
cúpula
37.
fairy tale
[n]
/ˈfɛri teɪl/
conto de fadas
38.
canal
[n]
/kəˈnæl/
canal
39.
palace
[n]
/ˈpæləs/
palácio
40.
richness
[n]
/ˈɹɪtʃnəs/
riqueza
41.
by surprise
[adv]
/baɪ sɚpɹˈaɪz/
de surpresa
42.
[make] the best of {sth}
[phrase]
/mˌeɪk ðə bˈɛst ʌv ˌɛstˌiːˈeɪtʃ/
to take advantage of an unpromising situation or circumstance
43.
pancake
[n]
/pænkeɪk/
panqueca
44.
sledding
[n]
/ˈsɫɛdɪŋ/
deslizar de trenó
45.
ice skating
[n]
/ˈaɪs ˈskeɪtɪŋ/
patinação no gelo
46.
mark
[v]
/mɑrk/
marcar
47.
parade
[n]
/pɝˈeɪd/
desfile
48.
railway
[n]
/ˈɹeɪɫˌweɪ/
ferrovia
49.
along the way
[phrase]
/ɐlˈɑːŋ ðə wˈeɪ/
during movement from one place to another

1

capítulo

star

Russia

Read a passage about a vast country spanning two continents, known for its rich history, diverse culture, and iconic landmarks like the Kremlin and Red Square.

Russia: A Vast and Fascinating Country

1.1

Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than 17 million square kilometers. It is home to over 146 million people, making it one of the most populated countries in the world. Russia stretches across both Europe and Asia, making it a unique place where many different cultures and traditions meet.

A Rússia é o maior país do mundo, cobrindo mais de 17 milhões de quilômetros quadrados. É o lar de mais de 146 milhões de pessoas, tornando-a um dos países mais populosos do mundo. A Rússia se estende pela Europa e Ásia, tornando-a um lugar único onde muitas culturas e tradições diferentes se encontram.

Rússia
1.2

Russia has a rich history, breathtaking landscapes, and diverse people. From its big cities to the countryside, there is always something new to discover. Whether it is the grand buildings of Moscow or the frozen lakes in Siberia, Russia has something for everyone.

A Rússia tem uma história rica, paisagens deslumbrantes e um povo diverso. Desde suas grandes cidades até o campo, há sempre algo novo para descobrir. Sejam os grandes edifícios de Moscou ou os lagos congelados da Sibéria, a Rússia tem algo para todos.

Geography and Nature

1.3

Russia is famous for its size. It is so big that it spans eleven time zones. This means that when it is morning in Moscow, it could already be evening in other parts of the country. The size of Russia often leaves visitors wide-eyed. Russia has many different types of landscapes. In the north, there is the tundra, where snow covers the ground for most of the year. In the south, the land is much better for growing crops like wheat and vegetables. One of the oldest mountain ranges in the world, the Ural Mountains, divides the European part of Russia from the Asian part.

A Rússia é famosa pelo seu tamanho. É tão grande que abrange onze fusos horários. Isso significa que quando é manhã em Moscou, já pode ser noite em outras partes do país. O tamanho da Rússia muitas vezes deixa os visitantes boquiabertos. A Rússia tem muitos tipos diferentes de paisagens. No norte, há a tundra, onde a neve cobre o solo na maior parte do ano. No sul, a terra é muito melhor para o cultivo de culturas como trigo e vegetais. Uma das cadeias de montanhas mais antigas do mundo, os Montes Urais, divide a parte europeia da Rússia da parte asiática.

1.4

Russia is home to Europe's longest river, the Volga River, which stretches over 3,500 kilometers. This river has been important for farming and trade for hundreds of years. Russia also has many lakes. One of the most famous is Lake Baikal, the deepest freshwater lake in the world. It holds about 20 percent of the world's freshwater. People often say that if you visit Russia and do not see Lake Baikal, you have missed the boat.

A Rússia é o lar do rio mais longo da Europa, o rio Volga, que se estende por mais de 3.500 quilômetros. Este rio tem sido importante para a agricultura e o comércio por centenas de anos. A Rússia também tem muitos lagos. Um dos mais famosos é o Lago Baikal, o lago de água doce mais profundo do mundo. Ele contém cerca de 20 por cento da água doce do mundo. As pessoas costumam dizer que se você visitar a Rússia e não ver o Lago Baikal, perdeu a oportunidade.

Russia's History

1.5

Russia has a long and interesting history. The country has gone through many changes over the years. It was once ruled by kings, called czars, before becoming a powerful empire. In the early 18th century, "Peter the Great" was one of the most famous rulers. He wanted to make Russia a more modern country. He also built the city of Saint Petersburg, which became the capital of Russia for many years.

A Rússia tem uma história longa e interessante. O país passou por muitas mudanças ao longo dos anos. Já foi governado por reis, chamados czares, antes de se tornar um império poderoso. No início do século XVIII, "Pedro, o Grande" foi um dos governantes mais famosos. Ele queria tornar a Rússia um país mais moderno. Ele também construiu a cidade de São Petersburgo, que se tornou a capital da Rússia por muitos anos.

1.6

In the 20th century, Russia went through big changes. In 1917, there were two revolutions. These revolutions led to the creation of the Soviet Union, a group of states led by Russia. The Soviet Union was a major power in the world for many decades. It was involved in a "Cold War" with the United States. This was a period when the two countries were always keeping an eye on each other. However, in 1991, the Soviet Union broke apart, and Russia became an independent country again.

No século XX, a Rússia passou por grandes mudanças. Em 1917, houve duas revoluções. Essas revoluções levaram à criação da União Soviética, um grupo de estados liderados pela Rússia. A União Soviética foi uma grande potência mundial por muitas décadas. Esteve envolvida numa "Guerra Fria" com os Estados Unidos. Este foi um período em que os dois países estavam sempre de olho um no outro. No entanto, em 1991, a União Soviética se desintegrou e a Rússia tornou-se novamente um país independente.

The People and Culture

1.7

The people of Russia, called Russians, are proud of their culture and history. Family is very important in Russian life. Russians often come together for big family meals. Traditional foods such as "pelmeni," which are dumplings filled with meat, and "shchi," a cabbage soup, are usually served.

O povo da Rússia, chamado de russos, tem orgulho de sua cultura e história. A família é muito importante na vida russa. Os russos frequentemente se reúnem para grandes refeições familiares. Pratos tradicionais como 'pelmeni', que são bolinhos recheados com carne, e 'shchi', uma sopa de repolho, são geralmente servidos.

1.8

Russia has given the world many famous writers. "Leo Tolstoy" is one of the best-known. He wrote "War and Peace," a novel that is considered one of the greatest books ever written. "Fyodor Dostoevsky" is another famous Russian writer, best known for his book "Crime and Punishment."

A Rússia deu ao mundo muitos escritores famosos. "Leão Tolstói" é um dos mais conhecidos. Ele escreveu "Guerra e Paz", um romance considerado um dos maiores livros já escritos. "Fiódor Dostoiévski" é outro famoso escritor russo, mais conhecido por seu livro "Crime e Castigo".

1.9

Russia is also famous for ballet. The "Bolshoi Ballet" in Moscow is one of the most famous ballet companies in the world. Many people travel to Russia to watch their beautiful performances. The Bolshoi is the cream of the crop when it comes to ballet.

A Rússia também é famosa pelo balé. O "Balé Bolshoi" em Moscou é uma das companhias de balé mais famosas do mundo. Muitas pessoas viajam para a Rússia para assistir às suas belas apresentações. O Bolshoi é o melhor do melhor quando se trata de balé.

Rússia

Moscow and Saint Petersburg

1.10

Moscow, the capital of Russia, is a mix of history and modern life. The Kremlin is one of the most famous places in Moscow. It is a large fortress in the center of the city and is the home of the Russian president. Close to the Kremlin is Red Square, a large public square where many important events have taken place. Saint Basil's Cathedral, with its colorful domes, is also located in Red Square. Its beautiful design makes it look like something from a fairy tale.

Moscou, a capital da Rússia, é uma mistura de história e vida moderna. O Kremlin é um dos lugares mais famosos de Moscou. É uma grande fortaleza no centro da cidade e é a casa do presidente russo. Perto do Kremlin está a Praça Vermelha, uma grande praça pública onde muitos eventos importantes ocorreram. A Catedral de São Basílio, com suas cúpulas coloridas, também está localizada na Praça Vermelha. Seu belo design faz com que pareça algo saído de um conto de fadas.

1.11

Saint Petersburg is another important city in Russia. It is sometimes called the "Venice of the North" because of its many canals. The city is known for its beautiful palaces, museums, and theaters. The Hermitage Museum is one of the largest museums in the world. It has more than three million items in its collection. Visitors to the museum can spend days exploring and still not see everything. Many people think of Saint Petersburg as the cultural capital of Russia. Its cultural richness often takes visitors by surprise.

São Petersburgo é outra cidade importante na Rússia. Às vezes é chamada de 'Veneza do Norte' por causa de seus muitos canais. A cidade é conhecida por seus belos palácios, museus e teatros. O Museu Hermitage é um dos maiores museus do mundo. Tem mais de três milhões de itens em sua coleção. Os visitantes do museu podem passar dias explorando e ainda não ver tudo. Muitas pessoas consideram São Petersburgo a capital cultural da Rússia. Sua riqueza cultural frequentemente surpreende os visitantes.

Russian Winter and Festivals

1.12

Russia is famous for its cold winters. In some parts of the country, the temperature can fall below minus 40 degrees Celsius. The winters are long, especially in the north, where there is only a few hours of daylight. But Russians have learned to make the best of a bad situation when it comes to cold weather. One of the most popular festivals in Russia is the "Maslenitsa Festival," which happens in February. It celebrates the end of winter and the start of spring. During this time, people eat pancakes, dance, and enjoy outdoor activities like sledding and ice skating.

A Rússia é famosa por seus invernos frios. Em algumas partes do país, a temperatura pode cair abaixo de menos 40 graus Celsius. Os invernos são longos, especialmente no norte, onde há apenas algumas horas de luz do dia. Mas os russos aprenderam a tirar o melhor de uma situação ruim quando se trata de clima frio. Um dos festivais mais populares da Rússia é o "Festival Maslenitsa", que acontece em fevereiro. Ele celebra o fim do inverno e o início da primavera. Durante esse período, as pessoas comem panquecas, dançam e aproveitam atividades ao ar livre, como trenó e patinação no gelo.

1.13

Another important holiday in Russia is "Victory Day," which is celebrated on May 9. This day marks the victory of the Soviet Union over Nazi Germany during World War II. Victory Day is one of the biggest holidays in Russia. In Moscow, a huge military parade takes place, and people gather to remember the soldiers who fought in the war.

Outro feriado importante na Rússia é o "Dia da Vitória", que é celebrado em 9 de maio. Este dia marca a vitória da União Soviética sobre a Alemanha nazista durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O Dia da Vitória é um dos maiores feriados na Rússia. Em Moscou, ocorre um grande desfile militar, e as pessoas se reúnem para lembrar os soldados que lutaram na guerra.

Fun Fact: One of the Longest Train Journeys in the World

1.14

Russia is so big that it takes about 7 to 10 days to cross the country by train! The Trans-Siberian Railway connects Moscow with Vladivostok, a city in the far east. It is the longest single railway line in the world, covering over 9,200 kilometers. Along the way, travelers can see forests, rivers, mountains, and even deserts.

A Rússia é tão grande que leva cerca de 7 a 10 dias para atravessar o país de trem! A Ferrovia Transiberiana liga Moscou a Vladivostok, uma cidade no extremo leste. É a mais longa linha ferroviária única do mundo, cobrindo mais de 9.200 quilômetros. Ao longo do caminho, os viajantes podem ver florestas, rios, montanhas e até desertos.

1. Russia

1. Russia

Central and Eastern Europe


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Quiz
1.

Why is Russia considered a unique country in terms of geography?

A

It is the only country with two time zones

B

It has more cities than any other country

C

It stretches across both Europe and Asia

D

It is completely located in Asia

2.

What divides the European part of Russia from the Asian part?

A

The Volga River

B

Lake Baikal

C

The Ural Mountains

D

The Siberian Plain

3.

Match each item with its description:

Volga River
Lake Baikal
Ural Mountains
The Tundra
Europe's longest river
Deepest freshwater lake in the world
Divide Europe and Asia
Cold northern area covered in snow
4.

Why is Saint Petersburg called the "Venice of the North"?

A

Because it has colorful buildings

B

Because it is full of art museums

C

Because it has many canals

D

Because it is Russia's capital

5.

Put these historical events in the correct order they happened:

russia became an independent country after the fall of the soviet union
peter the great built saint petersburg
the russian revolutions took place in 1917
the cold war began
6.

What kind of food is "pelmeni"?

A

A soup made of fish

B

Dumplings filled with meat

C

A pancake with honey

D

A sweet dessert

7.

What important change happened in Russia in 1991?

A

A new czar was crowned

B

The Soviet Union was created

C

The Soviet Union broke apart

D

Russia lost a war

8.

Fill in the blanks with the correct information based on the text.

Russia covers more than

square kilometers.

The Volga River is the

in Europe.

The Soviet Union was formed after the

in 1917.

"Shchi" is a traditional soup made from

.

The Trans-Siberian Railway connects Moscow with

.

17 million
longest river
revolutions
cabbage
Vladivostok
7 million
election
war
9.

What is each location known for?
Fill in the second column using the information from the reading.

LocationKnown for

Moscow

Saint Petersburg

Siberia

Volga River

Bolshoi Ballet

Kremlin and Red Square
Canals and museums
Frozen lakes
Farming and trade
Famous performances
10.

Choose the two sentences that are TRUE:

Russia's winters are short and mild

The Maslenitsa Festival is held in summer

Victory Day celebrates a Soviet victory in WWII

The Trans-Siberian Railway is less than 5,000 kilometers long

Leo Tolstoy wrote "War and Peace"

Russians usually avoid big family meals

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