Anatomy is the branch of science that studies the structure of living organisms, including humans, animals, and plants. It involves examining the arrangement and relationships of different body parts, such as organs, tissues, bones, and cells, to understand how they function together in various organisms. By examining anatomy, researchers and medical professionals gain valuable understanding of the body's complexities, helping in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases and injuries.

What is "anatomy"?

anatomy

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The torso refers to the central part of the body between the neck and the pelvis. It includes the chest, abdomen, and back, housing vital organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines. The torso provides structural support and protection to these organs and plays a crucial role in maintaining bodily functions, including respiration, digestion, and circulation. Additionally, the torso contains various muscles, including the abdominal and back muscles, which contribute to posture, movement, and overall strength. The torso serves as a core foundation for the human body and is essential for overall stability and functionality.

What is "torso"?

torso

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The vertebra is a fundamental body part that makes up the vertebral column, or spine. It consists of a bony structure that surrounds and protects the spinal cord. Vertebrae are stacked one on top of another to form the spinal column, allowing for flexibility, support, and protection of the spinal cord and nerves. Each vertebra has distinct features, including a central vertebral foramen, spinous processes, transverse processes, and articulating surfaces for adjacent vertebrae. The vertebrae also provide attachment points for various muscles and ligaments that contribute to spinal stability and movement.

What is "vertebra"?

vertebra

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An artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and distributes it to various parts of the body. Arteries have thick, muscular walls that enable them to withstand the pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart. They play a crucial role in maintaining the circulation of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs throughout the body. Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into capillaries, allowing for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Arteries are vital components of the circulatory system and are essential for overall health and proper organ function.

What is an "artery"?

artery

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Tissue refers to a group or collection of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function. Tissues can be categorized into four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissue forms protective barriers and linings, connective tissue provides support and structure, muscle tissue enables movement and contraction, and nervous tissue facilitates communication and electrical signaling. Tissues are the building blocks of organs and systems, playing a vital role in maintaining the body's structure, function, and overall homeostasis.

What is "tissue"?

tissue

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The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves that runs from the base of the brain to the lower back. It is part of the central nervous system and serves as the main pathway for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column and is composed of grey and white matter. Grey matter contains cell bodies and dendrites of neurons, while white matter contains myelinated axons that transmit signals up and down the spinal cord. The spinal cord is responsible for many important functions, including reflex actions, sensory processing, and motor control. Damage to the spinal cord can result in paralysis, loss of sensation, and other serious health problems.

What is "spinal cord"?

spinal cord

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The ribcage encompasses the chest and consists of the sternum (breastbone), the thoracic vertebrae, and the ribs. It forms a protective enclosure around vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels. The ribcage provides structural support to the upper body, helps maintain the shape and stability of the thoracic region, and plays a critical role in respiration. During breathing, the ribcage expands and contracts, allowing for the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide. It also serves as an attachment point for various muscles involved in the movements of the chest, shoulders, and upper limbs.

What is "ribcage"?

ribcage

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The cranium is a singular body part that encompasses the skull, protecting the brain and supporting various sensory organs. It consists of several fused bones, including the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. The cranium provides vital structural integrity to the head and face, safeguarding the delicate brain from external impacts. It also houses and supports the eyes, ears, and nasal cavity. The cranium's unique shape and composition allow for the complex functions of the brain, such as cognition, sensory perception, and motor control.

What is "cranium"?

cranium

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The cortex, also known as the neocortex, is a highly complex and layered structure that forms the outer surface of the brain. It is composed of billions of neurons and is responsible for many essential functions such as conscious awareness, perception, voluntary movement, and higher-level cognitive processes. The cortex is divided into different regions, each with specialized functions, such as the frontal lobe involved in executive functions and decision-making, the parietal lobe involved in sensory processing, the temporal lobe involved in memory and auditory processing, and the occipital lobe involved in visual processing. The intricate organization of the cortex allows for intricate connections and information processing, making it a critical component of the central nervous system.

What is "cortex"?

cortex

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The brow refers to the area above the eye sockets where the eyebrows are located. It includes the skin and underlying structures that shape the appearance of the forehead and the space between the eyes. The brow plays a role in facial expressions, such as raising the eyebrows to convey surprise or skepticism. It also serves a functional purpose by helping to protect the eyes from sweat, debris, and sunlight. The shape and positioning of the brow can vary among individuals and contribute to their unique facial features.

What is "brow"?

brow

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The womb, also known as the uterus, is a muscular organ located in the female pelvis where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy. It has a lining called the endometrium that thickens and sheds in each menstrual cycle if pregnancy does not occur. The womb is designed to support the growth of a developing fetus, with its muscular walls capable of contracting during labor to facilitate childbirth.

What is "womb"?

womb

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The uterus, also known as the womb, is a hollow, muscular organ located in the female pelvis. It serves as the site for the development and nourishment of a fertilized egg during pregnancy. The uterus consists of three layers: the innermost lining called the endometrium, which thickens and sheds during the menstrual cycle; the muscular middle layer known as the myometrium, responsible for contracting during labor and childbirth; and the outer layer called the perimetrium. The uterus is capable of expanding to accommodate a growing fetus and contracts to facilitate the delivery of the baby during childbirth.

What is "uterus"?

uterus

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The shin, commonly referred to as the front part of the lower leg, is the area located between the knee and the ankle. It is composed of muscles, tendons, and other soft tissues, and is responsible for providing support, flexibility, and movement to the leg. The shin can be prone to injuries such as bruises, strains, or shin splints, which can affect its functionality and cause discomfort. Understanding the structure and function of the shin is important for maintaining proper leg function and overall physical well-being.

What is "shin"?

shin

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The biceps is a skeletal muscle located in the upper arm. It is a prominent muscle that consists of two heads, the short head, and the long head, which converge to form a tendon that attaches to the radius bone of the forearm. The biceps muscle is responsible for flexing the elbow joint, allowing for movements like bending the arm and bringing the hand closer to the shoulder. Additionally, it contributes to the supination of the forearm, rotating the palm upward. The biceps muscle is highly visible and commonly associated with strength and physical fitness. It is actively engaged during activities that involve lifting, pulling, and gripping.

What is "biceps"?

biceps

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The armpit, also known as the axilla, is the hollow area located beneath the shoulder joint where the upper arm connects to the torso. It is a complex region containing lymph nodes, blood vessels, nerves, and sweat glands. The armpit plays a role in regulating body temperature through sweat production and acts as a passage for lymphatic drainage. It is also a site where body odor can develop due to the presence of apocrine sweat glands. The armpit is an important anatomical area that serves both functional and physiological purposes in the human body.

What is an "armpit"?

armpit

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The eardrum, also known as the tympanic membrane, is a thin, cone-shaped membrane located in the middle ear. It separates the outer ear from the middle ear and plays a crucial role in the process of hearing. When sound waves enter the ear, they cause the eardrum to vibrate, which in turn transmits these vibrations to the bones of the middle ear, allowing sound to be amplified and transmitted further into the inner ear for processing.

What is "eardrum"?

eardrum

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The pharynx is a muscular tube located behind the nasal cavity, mouth, and larynx in the human body. It serves as a common passage for both air and food, playing a crucial role in the respiratory and digestive systems. The pharynx facilitates the movement of air from the nasal cavity and mouth into the trachea, allowing for breathing and speech. It also aids in the process of swallowing by directing food and liquids from the mouth into the esophagus. The pharynx is divided into three regions: the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, each serving distinct functions in the body. It serves as a vital connection between the respiratory and digestive systems, allowing for the exchange of air and the passage of food, contributing to essential bodily functions.

What is "pharynx"?

pharynx

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The trachea, commonly referred to as the windpipe, is a vital respiratory structure in the human body. It is a flexible tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air to pass in and out of the lungs. The trachea is composed of rings of cartilage, which provide support and prevent collapse during breathing. It is lined with a layer of specialized cells that produce mucus, helping to trap dust, pathogens, and other foreign particles, and it is equipped with cilia that move in a coordinated manner to propel the mucus upward. The trachea plays a crucial role in the respiratory system, ensuring the proper flow of air into and out of the lungs.

What is "trachea"?

trachea

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Saliva is a watery fluid produced by the salivary glands in the mouth that helps in the initial stages of digestion by moistening food, facilitating swallowing, and initiating the breakdown of carbohydrates through the action of enzymes like amylase. It also helps in maintaining oral health by washing away food particles and bacteria, and it plays a role in speech and taste perception.

What is "saliva"?

saliva

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Phlegm is a thick and sticky mucus-like substance produced by the respiratory system. It is primarily composed of mucus secreted by the mucous membranes lining the airways. Phlegm serves as a defense mechanism to trap and remove foreign particles, such as dust, bacteria, and viruses, from the respiratory tract. It can be coughed up or expelled through sneezing, aiding in the removal of irritants and helping to keep the airways clear. Changes in the color, consistency, or amount of phlegm can provide indications of certain respiratory conditions or infections.

What is "phlegm"?

phlegm

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Enamel is the hard, outermost layer of the human teeth that covers the tooth crown. It is the hardest substance in the body and serves as a protective barrier against tooth decay and mechanical damage. Composed primarily of minerals, mainly hydroxyapatite crystals, enamel is translucent and ranges in color from white to light yellow. Enamel does not contain living cells, so it cannot regenerate once damaged. Therefore, maintaining good oral hygiene practices and minimizing exposure to acidic substances are essential for preserving the integrity of enamel and promoting overall dental health.

What is "enamel"?

enamel

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respiration

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The retina, located at the back of the eye, is a thin, light-sensitive layer that plays a crucial role in vision. It contains specialized cells called photoreceptors, including rods and cones, which convert light into electrical signals. These signals are then transmitted to the brain through the optic nerve, where they are processed and interpreted as visual information. The retina's intricate structure and arrangement of photoreceptor cells enable the perception of colors, shapes, and details, forming the foundation of visual perception. It acts as a vital sensory component, allowing us to see and perceive the world around us.

What is "retina"?

retina

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The cornea is the transparent, dome-shaped layer at the front of the eye that covers the iris and pupil. It plays a crucial role in refracting and focusing light onto the retina, allowing us to see clearly. The cornea is composed of specialized cells and is responsible for most of the eye's focusing power. It is essential for maintaining the integrity of the eye and protecting it from external elements.

What is "cornea"?

cornea

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The pupil, a crucial part of the eye, acts as a gateway for light to enter the inner structures. It is a dynamic, adjustable opening surrounded by a colored iris. The size of the pupil is regulated by the iris muscles, which contract or dilate in response to varying light levels. In bright conditions, the pupil constricts to limit the amount of light, protecting the delicate structures of the eye. Conversely, in dim lighting, the pupil dilates to allow more light to enter, enhancing visual sensitivity. Through its adaptable nature, the pupil plays a vital role in regulating the amount of light reaching the retina, ensuring optimal vision in different environments.

What is "pupil"?

pupil

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renal

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The abdomen refers to the visible area of the body between the chest and the pelvis. It is commonly known as the "belly" or "stomach" region. The abdomen is covered by the abdominal muscles and is often associated with the presence of body fat. It is a soft and rounded area that can vary in size and shape among individuals. The abdomen serves as a protective layer for the organs within and plays a role in bodily functions such as digestion, respiration, and posture. It is also a common area for tactile sensations, such as touch and pressure, and can be sensitive to stimuli.

What is "abdomen"?

abdomen

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The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located beneath the lungs and separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in the human body. It plays a vital role in respiration by contracting and relaxing to facilitate breathing. When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and moves downward, creating more space in the chest cavity and allowing the lungs to expand, filling with air. This is known as inhalation. When the diaphragm relaxes, it returns to its dome shape, causing the chest cavity to decrease in volume and air to be expelled from the lungs, which is known as exhalation. In addition to its role in respiration, the diaphragm also assists in other bodily functions such as coughing, sneezing, and maintaining proper posture.

What is "diaphragm"?

diaphragm

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The pancreas is a gland located in the abdomen, behind the stomach. It serves both digestive and endocrine functions in the body. As a digestive gland, the pancreas produces enzymes that help break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine. These enzymes aid in the digestion and absorption of nutrients from food. Additionally, the pancreas produces hormones, including insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels and play a critical role in metabolism. The pancreas is an essential organ for maintaining proper digestion and glucose regulation in the body.

What is "pancreas"?

pancreas

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The spleen is a large organ located in the upper left abdomen. It serves as a vital part of the immune system, playing multiple roles in the body's defense against infections. The spleen acts as a filter for the blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells and capturing and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. Additionally, the spleen stores and produces white blood cells and platelets, which are crucial for fighting infections and maintaining healthy blood circulation. It also plays a role in the production of antibodies and the removal of cellular debris. The spleen is an essential organ for immune function and overall health.

What is "spleen"?

spleen

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The pelvis refers to the bony structure located at the base of the spine, between the abdomen and the lower limbs. It consists of the sacrum, coccyx, and two hip bones, which fuse together to form a sturdy basin-like structure. The pelvis provides support and stability to the spinal column and acts as a foundation for the weight-bearing structures of the body. It protects internal organs within the pelvic cavity, such as the bladder, reproductive organs, and part of the digestive system. The pelvis also serves as a crucial attachment site for various muscles involved in movement, particularly those related to the hips and thighs. Its structure and function are essential for proper posture, locomotion, and reproductive processes.

What is "pelvis"?

pelvis

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The appendix is a small, finger-shaped pouch located at the junction of the small and large intestines in the human body. While its exact function remains unclear, it is believed to play a role in the immune system, as it contains lymphatic tissue. The appendix can become inflamed, resulting in a condition known as appendicitis, which requires surgical removal to prevent complications. Though it is considered a vestigial organ, the appendix may have some immunological significance and potential contributions to gut health.

What is "appendix"?

appendix

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The bladder is a vital component of the urinary system in the human body. It is responsible for storing urine until it is ready to be eliminated. The walls of the bladder are made of smooth muscle tissue that can stretch and accommodate increasing volumes of urine. When the bladder is full, nerve signals are sent to the brain, triggering the sensation of needing to urinate. The bladder then contracts, allowing the urine to flow through the urethra and out of the body. Proper bladder function is essential for maintaining urinary continence and overall urinary health.

What is "bladder"?

bladder

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bowel

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Bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue found within certain bones, primarily in the center of long bones and the cavities of flat bones. It is responsible for the production and development of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Bone marrow contains stem cells, which differentiate and mature into specialized blood cells to support various bodily functions, such as oxygen transport, immune response, and blood clotting. Additionally, bone marrow serves as a storage site for fat cells and plays a role in the body's immune system. Disorders affecting bone marrow can impact blood cell production and overall health, making it a crucial component of the body's hematopoietic system.

What is "bone marrow"?

bone marrow

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A tendon is a singular fibrous structure that connects muscle to bone. It is a tough, flexible band of tissue that plays a crucial role in transmitting the force generated by the muscle to the bone, enabling movement and stability of the joints. Tendons are composed mainly of collagen fibers, which provide strength and resilience. They are found throughout the body and are responsible for coordinating the actions of muscles and bones. Tendons are essential for proper functioning of the musculoskeletal system and are involved in activities ranging from simple everyday movements to complex athletic performances. Proper care and conditioning of tendons are important to prevent injuries such as tendonitis or tendon tears, which can significantly impact mobility and function.

What is a "tendon"?

tendon

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Cartilage is a flexible and resilient type of connective tissue found in various parts of the body. It serves as a cushioning and structural component, providing support and reducing friction between bones in joints. Cartilage is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes embedded in a matrix of collagen fibers and proteoglycans. It has a smooth and rubbery texture, allowing for smooth joint movement and absorbing shock. Cartilage can be found in areas such as the nose, ears, and joints like the knee and hip. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the shape and integrity of certain body structures while providing a smooth surface for articulation and facilitating movement.

What is "cartilage"?

cartilage

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An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin, is a specialized protein produced by white blood cells called B cells. It is a critical component of the immune system and plays a vital role in defending the body against invading pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances. Antibodies recognize and bind to specific molecules on the surface of these pathogens, marking them for destruction by other immune cells or neutralizing their harmful effects. They contribute to the body's ability to mount an immune response, provide immunity against future infections, and help maintain overall health and well-being.

What is an "antibody"?

antibody

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The gland is an organ in the body that plays a crucial role in the endocrine system by producing and releasing hormones into the bloodstream. Endocrine glands, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and adrenal glands, secrete hormones that regulate and coordinate various bodily functions, including growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress response. These hormones act as chemical messengers, traveling through the bloodstream to target cells or organs, where they exert their specific effects. Glands of the endocrine system work together to maintain hormonal balance and ensure the proper functioning of the body's physiological processes.

What is "gland"?

gland

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Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder in the human body. It plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of fats. Bile is composed of water, bile salts, cholesterol, bilirubin, and other substances. It is released into the small intestine during the digestion process, where it helps break down fats into smaller molecules for better absorption. Additionally, bile aids in the elimination of waste products, particularly the removal of bilirubin, a byproduct of red blood cell breakdown. Its efficient production and secretion are essential for proper digestion and the overall health of the digestive system.

What is "bile"?

bile

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Here you will learn some English words about anatomy, such as "bowel", "diaphragm", "trachea", etc. that are needed for the GRE exam.

Cuvinte legate de "Anatomie" | Vocabular esențial pentru GRE