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Cultură și obicei

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iconoclast
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iconoclasm
3-
hegemony
4-
descent
5-
egalitarianism
6-
mores
7-
ethnocentrism
8-
diaspora
9-
ethnography
10-
counterculture
11-
totem
12-
mannerism
13-
conventionality
14-
credo
15-
precept
16-
pageantry
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syncretism
18-
xenophobia
19-
multiculturalism
20-
subculture
21-
folklore
22-
endogamy
23-
ritualism
24-
animism
25-
coronation
26-
matrilineal
27-
patrilineal
28-
acculturational
iconoclast
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(critic al tradițiilor)

(critic al tradițiilor)

iconoclast

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/ˌaɪˈkɑnəˌkɫæst/
substantiv

an individual who criticizes and attacks beliefs, ideas, customs, etc. that are generally cherished or accepted

example
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The philosopher was known as an iconoclast for his relentless criticism of traditional religious beliefs and social norms.
The political activist was seen as an iconoclast for his outspoken opposition to government policies and societal inequalities.
The artist's controversial works made him an iconoclast in the art world, challenging conventional notions of beauty and taste.
iconoclasm
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iconoclasm

iconoclasm

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/ˌaɪˈkɑnəˌkɫæzəm/
substantiv

the rejection or destruction of religious images as heretical

example
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The punk movement of the late 1970s and early 1980s embraced a form of cultural iconoclasm, rejecting mainstream norms and values through music, fashion, and lifestyle.
The French Revolution witnessed a wave of iconoclasm as revolutionaries targeted symbols of the monarchy and Catholic Church for destruction.
The Cultural Revolution in China under Mao Zedong's leadership promoted iconoclasm, aiming to eradicate traditional culture and institutions seen as remnants of the old order.
hegemony
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(dominație)

(dominație)

hegemonie

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/hiˈdʒɛməni/
substantiv

the dominance or control exercised by one group, entity, or state over others, especially in the realms of politics, culture, or ideology

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The tech industry's hegemony over digital platforms has led to concerns about the concentration of power and influence in a few major corporations.
The cultural hegemony of major media corporations shapes public opinion and influences societal norms through mass communication.
Economic hegemony is often associated with powerful nations that wield significant influence over global financial institutions and trade policies.
descent
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(descendență)

(descendență)

origine

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/dɪˈsɛnt/
substantiv

the origin or lineage of a person in terms of family, nationality, or ancestry

synonymfiliation
synonymline of descent
synonymlineage
example
Exemplu
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Maria proudly traces her descent to a long line of Italian immigrants who settled in New York City in the early 20th century.
The museum exhibit focused on the Native American descent of the local population, highlighting their contributions to the region's history.
During the family reunion, relatives shared stories about their European descent, weaving a narrative that spanned generations.
egalitarianism
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egalitarism

egalitarism

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/iˌɡæɫəˈtɛɹiəˌnɪzəm/
substantiv

the belief in and advocacy for the equal rights, opportunities, and treatment of all individuals, regardless of their gender, race, social class, or other distinguishing characteristics

synonymequalitarianism
example
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Egalitarianism rejects hierarchical structures that perpetuate disparities in power and influence, aiming for a more equitable distribution of resources.
The educational system should embody egalitarianism, providing every student with the same opportunities to learn and succeed.
Social justice movements often align with the principles of egalitarianism, seeking to eliminate discrimination and systemic inequalities.
mores
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(obiceiuri)

(obiceiuri)

moravuri

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/ˈmɔˌɹeɪz/, /ˈmɔˌɹiz/
substantiv

the customs and values of a society that characterize it

example
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The mores of a traditional society often dictate strict gender roles and expectations for behavior.
Sociologists study the mores of different cultures to understand the norms and values that shape human behavior.
Breaking with the mores of one's community can result in social ostracism or condemnation.
ethnocentrism
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etnocentrism

etnocentrism

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/ˌɛθnoʊˈsɛntɹɪzəm/
substantiv

the tendency to evaluate and judge other cultures or groups based on the standards and values of one's own, often resulting in a belief in the superiority of one's own culture or group

example
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Colonial powers historically demonstrated ethnocentrism by imposing their cultural norms and values on the societies they colonized.
Ethnocentrism can hinder effective communication and collaboration between diverse groups, as it fosters an unwillingness to consider alternative viewpoints.
Ethnocentrism can manifest in individuals who believe that their cultural practices are superior to those of other groups.
diaspora
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(dispersare)

(dispersare)

diaspora

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/daɪˈæspɝə/
substantiv

the dispersion or scattering of a community or ethnic group from their ancestral or original homeland

example
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The African diaspora encompasses the global dispersion of people of African descent, resulting from historical events such as the transatlantic slave trade.
The Greek diaspora has been shaped by historical migrations and events, resulting in the presence of Greek communities in many countries.
Rooted in historical challenges, the Irish diaspora highlights the tenacity of Irish identity and traditions, which continue to thrive in diasporic communities.
ethnography
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(studii etnografice)

(studii etnografice)

etnografie

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/ɛθnˈɑːɡɹəfi/
substantiv

the in-depth study of people and cultures through direct observation and interaction

synonymdescriptive anthropology
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Through ethnography, researchers explored the cultural practices and rituals of a nomadic pastoralist community in Central Asia.
Ethnography of an urban neighborhood revealed insights into the daily lives and social dynamics of its diverse residents.
Ethnography played a key role in understanding the language and communication patterns of a unique sign language community.
counterculture
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(mișcare contraculturală)

(mișcare contraculturală)

contracultură

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/ˈkaʊnɝˌkəɫtʃɝ/, /ˈkaʊntɝˌkəɫtʃɝ/
substantiv

a social and cultural movement that emerges in opposition to prevailing mainstream norms, values, and practices

example
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The Beat Generation of the 1950s and 1960s is considered a counterculture movement, rejecting conventional norms through literature, art, and lifestyle.
Punk rock emerged as a counterculture movement in the 1970s, characterized by its DIY ethos, anti-establishment attitude, and unique fashion.
The hippie movement of the 1960s embraced counterculture ideals, promoting peace, love, and a rejection of mainstream consumerism.
totem
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(obiect sacru)

(obiect sacru)

totem

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/ˈtoʊtəm/
substantiv

a natural object, often an animal or plant, that is considered sacred and serves as a symbol or emblem for a particular group, clan, or family

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In their community, the totem, a sacred tree, represented the deep connections and familial ties among its members.
Each indigenous group proudly displayed its unique totem, representing their distinct cultural heritage.
The ancient civilization revered a mystical wolf as their totem, embodying the strength and spirit of their people.
mannerism
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(particularitate)

(particularitate)

manierism

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/ˈmænɝˌɪzəm/
substantiv

a distinctive style, behavior, or way of doing things that is characteristic of a particular individual, group, or period

synonymfoible
synonymidiosyncrasy
example
Exemplu
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In his speeches, the politician displayed a mannerism of emphasizing key points with a distinctive hand gesture.
The poet's use of unconventional punctuation and capitalization was a mannerism that defined his avant-garde writing style.
The detective noticed a mannerism shared by multiple witnesses, helping to identify the suspect in the crime investigation.
conventionality
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(conformitate)

(conformitate)

convenționalitate

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/kənvˌɛnʃənˈælɪɾi/
substantiv

the adherence to established customs, practices, or standards that are widely accepted within a particular society, culture, or group

example
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In diplomatic settings, there is a conventionality in the exchange of gifts between representatives as a gesture of goodwill and diplomacy.
The conventionality of observing a moment of silence during solemn occasions is a cross-cultural practice expressing collective respect and reflection.
Cultural conventionality often influences naming practices, with certain societies adhering to specific traditions in choosing names for individuals.
credo
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(crez)

(crez)

credo

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/ˈkɹeɪdoʊ/, /ˈkɹidoʊ/
substantiv

a formal statement of beliefs or principles, often religious or philosophical in nature

synonymcreed
example
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The scientist's credo emphasized the pursuit of knowledge through empirical observation and evidence-based inquiry.
In the business world, a company may have a credo that reflects its core values and commitment to customer satisfaction.
The Nicene Creed is a well-known Christian credo that articulates fundamental beliefs about the nature of God and Christ.
precept
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(principiu)

(principiu)

precept

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/ˈpɹiˌsɛpt/
substantiv

a guiding principle, intended to provide moral guidance or a basis for behavior

synonymcommandment
synonymteaching
example
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"Honesty is the best policy" is a precept often emphasized to instill the value of truthfulness in individuals.
pageantry
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(ceremonie)

(ceremonie)

spectacol

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/ˈpædʒəntɹi/
substantiv

the elaborate display or ceremonial spectacle associated with public events, celebrations, or formal occasions

synonympageant
example
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Cultural festivals around the world feature vibrant pageantry, with colorful costumes, traditional dances, and cultural displays.
Independence Day celebrations in many countries include patriotic pageantry, such as parades, fireworks, and military displays.
Royal weddings are often characterized by the pageantry of elaborate processions, grand venues, and ceremonial traditions.
syncretism
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(fuziune culturală)

(fuziune culturală)

sincretism

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/sˈɪŋkɹɪtˌɪzəm/
substantiv

the merging of diverse cultural elements, styles, or traditions to create something unique

example
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Syncretism in literature often results in the blending of diverse storytelling traditions.
The city's fashion scene reflects a syncretism of global styles and local traditions.
The festival celebrated the syncretism of music, art, and dance from different cultures.
xenophobia
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xenofobie

xenofobie

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/ˌzɛnəˈfoʊbiə/
substantiv

an unreasonable dislike or prejudice against strangers or people of a different nation

example
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The rise of xenophobia is often linked to economic insecurity or political instability, as people may seek scapegoats for their own problems.
The organization aims to address and challenge xenophobia through education and promoting cultural understanding.
The community's xenophobia was evident when they attacked a local business owned by an immigrant family.
multiculturalism
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(pluralism cultural)

(pluralism cultural)

multiculturalism

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/ˌməɫtiˈkəɫtʃɝəˌɫɪzəm/
substantiv

the belief that cultural diversity within a society should be respected

antonymnationalism
example
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Multiculturalism encourages respect, tolerance, and understanding among people from different cultural backgrounds.
Critics of multiculturalism argue that it can lead to social fragmentation or the erosion of national identity.
Canada is often cited as an example of successful multiculturalism, with policies and programs in place to support and promote diversity.
subculture
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(cultură alternativă)

(cultură alternativă)

subcultură

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/ˈsəbˌkəɫtʃɝ/
substantiv

a group within a larger culture that shares distinctive values, norms, and behaviors, often differing from those of the dominant culture

example
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Within the hip-hop subculture, elements such as rap music, graffiti art, and breakdancing serve as expressive outlets for its members.
The gamer subculture encompasses a diverse range of individuals who engage in video gaming as a primary hobby, forming online communities and participating in gaming conventions.
The goth subculture, characterized by its dark fashion and music preferences, often congregates in alternative clubs and events.
folklore
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(tradiții populare)

(tradiții populare)

folclor

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/ˈfoʊˌkɫɔɹ/
substantiv

the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, and legends of a particular community, usually passed down through generations by word of mouth

example
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Studying folklore provides insights into the values, beliefs, and practices of a society, as well as its history and identity.
Many cultures around the world have their own unique folklore, which serves to preserve and transmit cultural knowledge from one generation to the next.
What is "folklore"?

Folklore refers to the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, and practices of a community or culture that are passed down through generations. It includes myths, legends, fairy tales, and rituals that reflect the values, history, and worldview of the people. Folklore is often shared orally or through cultural practices, and it helps to preserve and communicate the identity and heritage of a group.

endogamy
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endogamie

endogamie

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/ˈɛndoʊɡˌæmi/
substantiv

the practice of marrying within one's own social, ethnic, or cultural group

synonyminmarriage
synonymintermarriage
antonymexogamy
example
Exemplu
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In some communities, endogamy is encouraged to preserve cultural traditions.
ritualism
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(traditionalism)

(traditionalism)

ritualism

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/ɹˈɪtʃuːəlˌɪzəm/
substantiv

the act of sticking to old customs and ceremonies in a culture, focusing on doing things the traditional way

example
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In Japanese culture, tea ceremony ritualism is highly esteemed.
The religious ritualism of Sunday mass brought a sense of community to the parishioners.
The indigenous tribe's ritualism involves chanting ancient hymns to honor their ancestors.
animism
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(animism (credința în spirite))

(animism (credința în spirite))

animism

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/ˈænəˌmɪzəm/
substantiv

the belief in spirits residing within natural elements, objects, and living beings

example
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Animism fosters a deep connection between humans and the environment, emphasizing a harmonious relationship with nature.
Animism is evident in cultures where natural elements, like trees or rivers, are believed to possess spiritual significance.
Animism may influence cultural taboos and norms as communities strive to maintain balance and harmony with the spirit world.
coronation
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coronare

coronare

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/ˌkɔɹəˈneɪʃən/
substantiv

the formal ceremony or event during which a monarch or sovereign is officially crowned and invested with regal authority

synonymenthronement
synonymenthronisation
synonymenthronization
synonyminvestiture
example
Exemplu
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In some cultures, a coronation may include the anointing of the monarch with holy oils as a symbol of divine approval.
The coronation of Queen Elizabeth II took place on June 2, 1953, at Westminster Abbey in London, England.
Traditional music and choirs often accompany the coronation ceremony, adding a sense of grandeur and solemnity.
coronation
matrilineal
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matriliniar

matriliniar

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/ˌmætɹɪˈɫɪniəɫ/
substantiv

related to a cultural system where lineage and inheritance are traced through the mother's side of the family

synonymmatrilinear
example
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Matrilineal societies trace lineage through mothers.
She upholds matrilineal traditions for her children.
In matrilineal tribes, inheritance comes from mothers.
patrilineal
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(referitor la linia paternă)

(referitor la linia paternă)

patriliniar

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/ˌpætɹɪˈɫɪniəɫ/
substantiv

related to a cultural system where lineage and inheritance are traced through the father's side of the family

synonympatrilinear
example
Exemplu
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The patrilineal tradition often places greater emphasis on the male line of descent.
Children typically inherit property and status from their fathers in patrilineal cultures.
Patrilineal societies may have distinct rituals and ceremonies to honor paternal ancestors.
acculturational
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(referitor la aculturare)

(referitor la aculturare)

acultural

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/ɐkˌʌltʃɚɹˈeɪʃənəl/
substantiv

relating to the process of acquiring or adapting to the cultural norms, customs, and practices of a different or dominant culture

synonymacculturative
example
Exemplu
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Travel exposes people to acculturational experiences in different places.
Studying abroad offers acculturational experiences in different cultures.
Workplaces serve as acculturational environments for professional norms.
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