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диалект
the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar
A dialect is a particular form of a language that is specific to a certain region or group of people, distinguished by unique vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Dialects can vary widely even within the same language, reflecting cultural and social differences. For instance, American English and British English are dialects of the English language, each with distinct words and phrases, such as "truck" in American English and "lorry" in British English. Understanding dialects is important for grasping the richness and diversity of language as it is used in different communities.
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синтаксис
(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language
Syntax refers to how words and phrases are organized to create grammatical sentences in a language. It includes the rules that dictate the arrangement of different parts of a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, and objects, to ensure that the intended meaning is clear. Proper syntax is important for effective communication, as it helps convey ideas accurately and understandably. Changes in syntax can also influence the style and tone of language, affecting how a message is perceived. Understanding syntax is crucial for language learners and anyone studying how languages work.
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склонение
(in the grammar of some languages) a group of nouns, pronouns, or adjectives changing in the same way to indicate case, number, and gender
Declension is a grammatical process in which nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and sometimes articles change their form to express different grammatical categories such as case, number, and gender. This process helps indicate the role of a word in a sentence, such as whether it is a subject, object, or possessive. For example, in Latin, the noun "puella," meaning "girl," can change to "puellae" for the genitive case, meaning "of the girl." In English, declension is less prominent but can be seen in pronouns, such as "I," used as a subject, "me," used as an object, and "my," used for possession. Understanding declension is important for analyzing how different languages convey meaning through word forms and their relationships in sentences.
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флексия
(grammar) a change in the structure of a word, usually adding a suffix, according to its grammatical function
Inflection is a morphological process that modifies a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, number, mood, or case, without changing its core meaning or part of speech. This is typically achieved by adding endings or changing the form of the word. For example, the verb "walk" can be inflected to "walks" for third person singular present tense or "walked" for past tense. Similarly, nouns can change from "cat" to "cats" to indicate plural form. Inflection helps convey specific grammatical information and relationships within sentences, enhancing the clarity and accuracy of communication.
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спрягать
(grammar) to show how a verb changes depending on number, person, tense, etc.
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инверсия
a change in normal word order, especially putting a verb before its subject
Inversion is a syntactic process in which the typical order of words in a sentence is changed, often to form questions, emphasize certain elements, or create a specific style. In English, inversion commonly occurs when the subject and auxiliary verb are switched, such as in the question "Are you coming?" where "are" precedes the subject "you." Inversion can also happen for emphasis, as in the sentence "Never have I seen such a beautiful sunset," where the adverb "never" is placed at the beginning for impact. Understanding inversion is important for analyzing sentence structure and recognizing how different word orders can affect meaning and emphasis in communication.
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винительный падеж
(grammar) a particular form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that acts as the direct object of a verb or preposition, used in some languages such as Greek or Latin
/vˈoʊkətˌɪv/
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звательный падеж
(in the grammar of some languages) the form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective that is used when addressing a particular person or thing
/dʒˈɛnɪtˌɪv/
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родительный падеж
relating to a grammatical case that is used to indicate possession, origin, or a close association
/sˈʌbdʒəŋktˌɪv/
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сослагательный
(of verbs) a form or mood that represents possibility, doubt, or wishes
/ˈæblətˌɪv/
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аблатив
(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that is used to show by what means or by whom an action is done or to indicate the source of the action, found in some languages such as Latin or Sanskrit
/loʊkˈæɾɪv/
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местный падеж
(grammar) a specific form of a pronoun, adjective, or noun that shows the place of an action or where a person or thing is
/pɹɪdˈɪkətˌɪv/
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предсказующий
(grammar) describing an adjective or noun following a linking verb and completing the meaning of the copula
/nˈɑːmɪnətˌɪv/
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именительный падеж
a grammatical case used for the subject of a sentence or clause
/ɐtɹˈɪbjuːtˌɪv/
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атрибутивный
(grammar)(of a noun or adjective) joined directly to a noun and modifying it, without a linking verb
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изъявительный
(grammar) the mood of a verb that states a fact
The indicative is a grammatical mood used to express statements of fact, ask questions, or convey opinions. It is the most common mood in English and is used in sentences that describe reality or things that are true. For example, in the sentence "The sky is blue," the verb "is" is in the indicative mood, stating a fact. The indicative mood can also be used to form questions, as in "Are you coming?" This mood is essential for conveying information straightforwardly, allowing speakers to communicate facts and inquiries clearly.
/ɪntˈɛɹəɡətˌɪv/
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вопросительный
(grammar) a function word that is used to form a question
An interrogative is a grammatical term that refers to a word or sentence that asks a question. Interrogatives are often used to seek information, clarification, or confirmation. In English, common interrogative words include "who," "what," "where," "when," "why," and "how." For example, the sentence "What time is it?" is an interrogative sentence because it asks for specific information about the time. Interrogatives can be formed in various ways, such as using auxiliary verbs, like in the question "Are you coming to the party?" Understanding interrogatives is important for effective communication, as they help gather information and engage in dialogue.
Грамматическая Информация:
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средний
(grammar) a gender of words that are neither masculine nor feminine
Neuter is a grammatical category that refers to nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that do not have a specific masculine or feminine gender. Neuter forms are often used for objects, concepts, or animals when the gender is unknown or irrelevant. In English, common neuter pronouns include "it" and "its." For example, in the sentence "The dog is sleeping; it is tired," the pronoun "it" is used to refer to the dog without indicating its gender. In languages that distinguish gender, such as German, neuter nouns are marked with specific articles, such as "das," meaning "the" for neuter nouns. Understanding neuter gender is important for ensuring grammatical accuracy and clarity in communication.
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аффикс
(grammar) a letter or group of letters added to the end or beginning of a word to change its meaning
An affix is a morpheme that is attached to a base word or root to modify its meaning or create a new word. Affixes can be added to the beginning of a word, known as a prefix, or to the end, known as a suffix. There are also infixes, which are inserted within a word, and circumfixes, which are added around a word. For example, in the word "unhappiness", the prefix "un-" and the suffix "-ness" are both affixes that alter the meaning of the root word "happy". Affixes are essential for word formation and help expand vocabulary in many languages.
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аллитерация
the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of the words in a verse or sentence, used as a literary device
Alliteration is a literary device where the same consonant sound is repeated at the beginning of stressed syllables in closely positioned words. It often creates rhythm, emphasis, or a musical effect in writing. For example, in the phrase "whispering winds wove through the willows," the repeated "w" sound mimics the quiet, calming effect of a gentle breeze moving through trees, enhancing the overall atmosphere of tranquility in the scene. This technique is used to enhance the texture of language, making phrases more engaging and memorable.
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ирония
a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect
Irony is a way of using language to say something that is intentionally contrary to what is meant, often to criticize or mock. It employs clever or sarcastic language to highlight flaws or shortcomings indirectly. For example, if someone who is consistently late is called "Mr. Punctual", the remark uses irony to emphasize the opposite of the truth and to subtly criticize the person's lack of punctuality. This form of irony is used to express disapproval or mock someone or something by pointing out their flaws in an indirect and often humorous way.
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аллюзия
a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device
An allusion is a literary device where a reference is made to a person, place, event, or work of literature that is not explicitly mentioned but is expected to be recognized by the reader. This reference is used to add meaning or context to the text by drawing on the reader's knowledge of the alluded-to subject. For example, if a character is described as "fighting a losing battle against overwhelming odds", it alludes to the historical event of the Battle of Thermopylae, where a small group of Greek warriors faced a much larger Persian army. This allusion helps convey that the character is facing a seemingly insurmountable challenge. Allusions enrich the text by connecting it to broader cultural or historical references.
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сатира
humor, irony, ridicule, or sarcasm used to expose or criticize the faults and shortcomings of a person, government, etc.
Satire is a form of writing that uses humor, irony, or exaggeration to criticize or mock people, institutions, or social practices. The goal of satire is often to highlight flaws, absurdities, or injustices in a way that provokes thought and encourages change. By presenting issues in a humorous or exaggerated manner, satire aims to make its critique more engaging and impactful, shedding light on the shortcomings or contradictions in the subject being satirized.
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эвфемизм
a word or expression that is used instead of a harsh or insulting one in order to be more tactful and polite
A euphemism is a word or phrase used to replace a term that may be considered harsh, unpleasant, or offensive. It aims to soften the impact of the original term and make it more acceptable in conversation. For example, instead of saying "die," one might say "pass away." Euphemisms are often used in sensitive topics such as death, bodily functions, or discomforting situations. While they can help to convey a message in a gentler way, they may also obscure the truth or make communication less direct.
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аналогия
(linguistics) a process by which a new word or inflection is formed according to existing rules and regulations
In linguistics, analogy is a process by which language users create new words or forms based on the patterns and structures of existing words. This occurs when similarities in sound or meaning lead to the formation of new expressions that follow familiar patterns. For example, if someone creates the past tense "stealed" based on the pattern of "sealed," they are using analogy. Analogy can also influence changes in grammar, pronunciation, and word formation, allowing language to evolve as speakers draw on existing knowledge to fill gaps or create new forms. It plays an important role in the development of vocabulary and the standardization of language over time.
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связный
(of a person) able to express thoughts or ideas in a clear and consistent manner
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этимология
the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings
Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words. It looks at where a word came from, how its form and meaning have changed over time, and what languages it has passed through. For example, the word "ballet" comes from the French language, which borrowed it from Italian, and it originally came from a Latin word meaning "to dance". Etymology helps us understand the roots and evolution of words in different languages.
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косноязычный
(of people) unable to express oneself clearly or easily
/tɔːtˈɑːlədʒi/
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тавтология
the redundant repetition of an idea using different words in a sentence or phrase
/pɹæɡmˈæɾɪks/
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прагматика
(linguistics) a branch of linguistics that deals with the sentences and the contexts in which they are used
Pragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of meaning in language. It examines how speakers use language in real-life situations, focusing on the relationships between language, meaning, and the social context in which communication occurs. Pragmatics explores concepts such as speech acts, which are the actions performed through speaking, implicature, which refers to implied meanings, and deixis, which involves words that depend on context for their interpretation. This field helps to understand how meaning goes beyond the literal interpretation of words and how social factors shape communication.
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фонетика
the science and study of speech sounds and their production
Phonetics is the study of the sounds of human speech. It focuses on how sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Phonetics analyzes the physical properties of speech sounds, such as their articulation, which is how they are made, acoustics, which is how they travel through the air, and auditory perception, which is how they are heard. This field is essential for understanding the building blocks of language, as it provides insights into how different sounds can create meaning and how they vary across languages and dialects.
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фонема
the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning, often represented by a specific symbol in phonetic notation
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish meaning. It is a basic building block of speech and can be a single sound or a group of sounds that represent a specific letter or combination of letters. For example, in English, the words "bat" and "pat" differ by one phoneme, the initial sounds /b/ and /p/. Phonemes are important in phonetics and linguistics because they help define the sounds used in a language, contributing to pronunciation and the overall structure of words.
/mˈɔːɹfiːm/
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морфема
(linguistics) the smallest meaningful unit of a language that does not necessarily stand alone and cannot be divided
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of language that contributes to the meaning of a word. Morphemes can be classified into two main types: free morphemes, which can stand alone as words, such as "book" or "run", and bound morphemes, which cannot stand alone and must be attached to a base word, such as prefixes or suffixes like "un-" in "unhappy" or "-ed" in "walked". Morphemes play a crucial role in word formation and grammar, as they help convey specific meanings and grammatical functions, allowing for the construction of complex words and expressions in a language.
/lˈɛksiːm/
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лексема
(linguistics) a basic linguistic unit that is meaningful and underlies a set of words which are related through inflection
A lexeme is the fundamental unit of meaning in a language, representing a single word or a group of related words that share a common meaning. It is the abstract form of a word that encompasses all its grammatical variations, such as tense or number. For example, the lexeme "run" includes all its forms like "runs", "running", and "ran". Lexemes serve as the building blocks of vocabulary, allowing for the expression of various meanings and concepts within a language while focusing on the underlying meaning rather than specific grammatical forms.
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аллофон
a variant pronunciation of a phoneme, which can occur due to phonetic differences in specific contexts or environments within a language
An allophone is a variation of a phoneme that occurs in specific contexts but does not change the meaning of a word. Allophones are different ways a single phoneme can be pronounced based on surrounding sounds, stress, or position within a word. For example, the phoneme /t/ can be pronounced as the aspirated [tʰ] in "top" and as a glottal stop [ʔ] in some dialects of English in the word "button." Although these variations sound different, they are still recognized as the same phoneme in the language. Understanding allophones is important in phonetics and linguistics because it reveals how sounds are produced and perceived in different contexts without altering meaning.
/ɪlˈɪpsɪs/
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многоточие
(grammar) the act of omitting a word or words from a sentence, when the meaning is complete and the omission is understood from the context
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омоним
each of two or more words with the same spelling or pronunciation that vary in meaning and origin
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омофон
(grammar) one of two or more words with the same pronunciation that differ in meaning, spelling or origin
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(дифтонг)
двугла́сный
(phonetics) a gliding speech sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable
A diphthong is a complex vowel sound that begins with one vowel sound and glides into another within the same syllable. It involves a noticeable change in the quality of the vowel sound during its pronunciation. In English, examples of diphthongs include sounds like "ai" in "rain," "ou" in "out," and "oy" in "boy." Diphthongs are important in phonetics because they add variety to vowel sounds and can affect the meaning of words. Understanding diphthongs is essential for accurate pronunciation and phonetic transcription in language.
/ˌɑːnəmˌæɾəpˈoʊiə/
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звукоподражание
a word that mimics the sound it represents
Onomatopoeia is a literary device where a word imitates or suggests the sound it describes. It creates a vivid auditory effect by using words that sound like the noises they represent. For example, words like "buzz," "clang," and "sizzle" mimic the sounds associated with them. Onomatopoeia adds a sensory dimension to writing, making descriptions more engaging and realistic by allowing readers to "hear" the sounds in their imagination.
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