Geography is the study of the Earth's physical features, climate, and the spatial relationships between places. It explores how natural and human-made features shape landscapes, environments, and human activities. Geography helps us understand the distribution of populations, resources, and the impact of human actions on the planet.

What is "geography"?

geography

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History is the study of past events, people, and societies, aiming to understand how they shaped the present. It examines records, artifacts, and documents to reconstruct and interpret past experiences, offering insights into the development of cultures, civilizations, and the world. History helps us learn from previous successes and failures to guide future actions.

What is "history"?

В английском языке "history" в этом значении означает изучение событий, людей и обществ прошлого, особенно как школьный или университетский предмет. World history, ancient history и modern history — распространённые сочетания.

Что означает английское слово "history" в этом значении?

history

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information technology

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literature

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Mathematics is the study of numbers, quantities, shapes, and patterns. It includes various fields like arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and calculus, all of which are used to solve problems and explain relationships between different elements. Mathematics is essential in everyday life and is widely applied in areas such as science, engineering, economics, and technology.

What is "mathematics"?

mathematics

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Physics is the study of the fundamental forces and particles that make up the universe, as well as how matter and energy interact. It explores concepts like motion, gravity, electricity, and light. Physics provides the basis for understanding natural laws and is critical in technologies like computers, transportation, and medical devices, as well as in advancing knowledge about the universe.

What is "physics"?

physics

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A boarding school is a school where students live on campus during the school term, rather than commuting from home. These schools provide accommodation, meals, and a structured daily schedule that includes classes, extracurricular activities, and study time. Boarding schools often have a strong academic focus and may offer additional programs such as sports, arts, or leadership training. Students stay in dormitories, supervised by staff, and typically return home during school breaks. Boarding schools can offer a more immersive educational experience, fostering independence and personal development.

What is a "boarding school"?

boarding school

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degree

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The head is the person in charge of a school or college, holding the highest level of authority and responsibility. They oversee all operations, making important decisions about the direction and policies of the institution. The head ensures that the school or college runs smoothly, manages staff and resources, and maintains high educational standards. They also represent the institution in the community and may work with other leaders to achieve long-term goals and success.

Who is the "head"?

head

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Nursery school is an early childhood education setting designed for young children, typically ages three to five. It provides a structured environment for learning through play, socialization, and basic educational activities. Nursery schools focus on developing foundational skills in areas such as language, motor skills, and early math concepts, while also encouraging creativity, independence, and social interaction. These schools are often the first formal educational experience for children before they move on to elementary school.

What is "nursery school"?

nursery school

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education

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Biology is the study of living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, and interactions with their environment. It covers a wide range of topics, from the molecular mechanisms within cells to the behavior of entire ecosystems. Biology helps us understand the diversity of life on Earth, how organisms adapt to their surroundings, and the processes that sustain life, such as metabolism, reproduction, and evolution.

What is "biology"?

biology

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Chemistry is the scientific study of the composition, properties, and reactions of matter. Chemists explore how substances interact with one another, form new compounds, and undergo transformations. Chemistry is fundamental in fields like medicine, environmental science, and industry, as it helps create new materials, understand biological processes, and develop products from energy to pharmaceuticals.

What is "chemistry"?

chemistry

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A private school is an educational institution that is not funded by the government. Instead, it relies on tuition fees paid by students' families, donations, or other private sources of funding. Private schools often have more flexibility in their curriculum and policies, and they may offer specialized programs or unique approaches to education. These schools typically have smaller class sizes and can be selective in their admissions process. Private schools may provide a range of education, from early childhood through to high school, and sometimes offer religious or alternative educational focuses.

What is a "private school"?

private school

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A state school is a type of public school that is funded and operated by the government at the state level, rather than by local or national authorities. It provides free education to students living within a specific state or region. State schools follow a curriculum set by the government and are open to all students in the area, offering education in subjects like math, science, and the arts. These schools aim to ensure that every child has access to quality education, regardless of their financial background.

What is a "state school"?

state school

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pupil

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Kindergarten is a formal educational program for young children, usually around 5 years old, that serves as the first year of primary education. It focuses on early learning skills such as reading, writing, math, and social development, preparing children for the elementary school years. Kindergarten programs are designed to promote cognitive, physical, and emotional growth through structured activities like games, arts, and group work. In many countries, kindergarten is part of the compulsory education system, offering a structured yet playful environment that helps children adjust to a more formal school setting.

What is "kindergarten"?

kindergarten

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A primary school is an educational institution that provides the first stage of formal education, typically for children aged 5 to 11 years. It focuses on foundational subjects such as reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies. Primary schools aim to develop basic academic skills, as well as social and emotional skills, in young learners. This stage of education serves as the groundwork for further learning in secondary and higher education. In many countries, primary school is compulsory and is considered a key part of a child's early development.

What is a "primary school"?

primary school

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Elementary school refers to the first stage of formal education, typically covering grades 1 through 5 or 6, depending on the country. It provides a foundational education for children, usually between the ages of 6 and 11. During this period, students learn core subjects such as reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social studies. Elementary school focuses not only on academic knowledge but also on developing social skills, emotional growth, and basic problem-solving abilities. It is the beginning of the school system, designed to prepare children for higher levels of education in middle and high schools.

What is "elementary school"?

elementary school

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A secondary school is an educational institution that provides education to students typically between the ages of 11 or 12 and 16 or 18, depending on the country. It follows primary school and prepares students for adulthood, offering both general education and specialized subjects. Secondary schools may offer different types of programs, including academic tracks, vocational training, or a combination of both, depending on the region. The focus is on preparing students for further education, work, or other life pursuits.

What is a "secondary school"?

secondary school

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High school is an educational institution for students typically aged 14 to 18, covering grades 9 through 12. It provides a more advanced level of education, focusing on subjects like mathematics, science, language arts, social studies, and electives such as art, music, and physical education. High school helps students build the skills necessary for either higher education or entering the workforce. During this time, students may also engage in extracurricular activities, such as sports, clubs, or volunteer work. High school is a crucial period for personal and academic growth, preparing students for adult responsibilities and future careers.

What is "high school"?

high school

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A student is an individual formally enrolled in an educational institution, such as a school, college, or university, to pursue specific academic goals. Students attend classes, complete assignments, and often work toward earning qualifications or degrees. This term typically applies to those in structured learning environments, especially at higher levels of education.

Who is a "student"?

В английском языке "student" означает человека, который учится в школе, college, university или другом учебном заведении. В американском английском это слово широко используется для учащихся разных уровней.

Что означает английское слово "student"?

student

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A term is a fixed period during which classes are held in schools, colleges, or universities. It is typically part of the academic year, with common terms being fall, spring, and summer. A term can last anywhere from a few weeks to several months, and during this time, students attend classes, complete assignments, and take exams. At the end of the term, academic performance is often assessed, and grades are given. Terms are used to organize the academic calendar, helping students and staff manage their schedules and workload throughout the year.

What is a "term"?

term

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A college is an institution of higher education where students pursue a bachelor's degree after completing their secondary education. It provides a range of academic programs and disciplines for students to specialize in, often with a focus on undergraduate education. Colleges may also offer associate degrees or certifications in certain fields. Unlike universities, which often have graduate programs, colleges primarily focus on providing bachelor's-level education and may also include various extracurricular activities and support services to enhance the student experience.

What is a "college"?

college

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A grade is a mark given by a teacher to reflect how well a student is doing in a particular subject or course. It is typically represented as a letter (such as A, B, C) or a number, with higher marks indicating better performance. Grades are used to assess a student's understanding of the material, skills, and overall progress throughout the term. They are often used in determining academic achievement, influencing future opportunities such as higher education or job prospects.

What is a "grade"?

В английском языке "grade" в этом значении означает буквенную или числовую оценку, показывающую успеваемость ученика или студента. Get a good grade (получить хорошую оценку), final grade (итоговая оценка) и improve your grades (улучшить оценки) — частые сочетания.

Что означает английское слово "grade" в этом значении?

grade

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A semester is a division of the academic year, typically lasting around 15 to 18 weeks, during which classes are held at schools, colleges, or universities. It is one of the two main periods in a year when courses are taught. The semester system is commonly used in many educational institutions, allowing students to take a set of courses, complete assignments, and sit for exams within this time frame. At the end of the semester, students usually receive grades based on their performance in the courses.

What is a "semester"?

В английском языке "semester" означает один из двух основных периодов учебного года. Fall semester (осенний семестр), spring semester (весенний семестр) и end of the semester (конец семестра) — частые сочетания.

Что означает английское слово "semester"?

semester

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to allow

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to expel

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to punish

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to cheat

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Here you will find the vocabulary from Lesson 7A in the English File Intermediate coursebook, such as "mathematics", "degree", "pupil", etc.

English File Intermediate «Урок 7A» Лексика