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фермент
a substance that all living organisms produce that brings about a chemical reaction without being altered itself
Enzymes are special proteins that speed up biological reactions in the body. They help reactions occur more quickly by reducing the amount of energy needed to start them. Enzymes are highly specific, meaning each enzyme typically activates only one type of reaction or a few closely related reactions. They play crucial roles in various bodily functions, including digestion, metabolism, and cellular processes. For example, digestive enzymes aid in breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body, while metabolic enzymes assist in chemical reactions involved in energy production and the creation of essential molecules. Without enzymes, many vital biochemical reactions would happen too slowly to sustain life processes.
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мембрана
a thin sheet of tissue that separates or covers the inner parts of an organism
A membrane refers to a thin, flexible layer of tissue that covers, lines, or separates various structures and organs. These membranes serve diverse functions, such as protecting organs, providing structural support, facilitating movement and flexibility, and allowing for the exchange of substances. Examples of membranes in the human body include the mucous membranes that line the respiratory and digestive tracts, the serous membranes that encase organs in protective fluid-filled cavities, and the cell membranes that surround individual cells, regulating the passage of molecules. Membranes are essential for the proper functioning and integration of different body systems.
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ткань
a group of cells in the body of living things, forming their different parts
Tissue refers to a group or collection of specialized cells that work together to perform a specific function. Tissues can be categorized into four main types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. Epithelial tissue forms protective barriers and linings, connective tissue provides support and structure, muscle tissue enables movement and contraction, and nervous tissue facilitates communication and electrical signaling. Tissues are the building blocks of organs and systems, playing a vital role in maintaining the body's structure, function, and overall homeostasis.
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плазма
(biology) the colorless liquid part of the blood in which the blood cells are suspended
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that carries various substances such as nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and waste products throughout the body. It makes up a significant portion of the blood volume and plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by transporting essential molecules and regulating body temperature. Plasma also contains clotting factors that help control bleeding and maintain the integrity of blood vessels.
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липид
any of a class of organic substances that do not dissolve in water that include many natural oils, waxes, and steroids
Lipids are a diverse group of molecules that include fats, oils, and certain components of cell membranes. They are insoluble in water and primarily consist of hydrocarbons, including fatty acids and cholesterol. Lipids serve various essential functions in the body, such as providing energy, insulating and protecting organs, and serving as structural components of cell membranes. Types of lipids include triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols. Triglycerides, found in fats and oils, are a major source of energy storage in the body. Phospholipids are crucial components of cell membranes, helping to maintain their structure and function. Sterols, such as cholesterol, are important for the production of hormones and vitamin D. While lipids are necessary for health, an imbalance or excessive intake of certain types, particularly saturated and trans fats, can contribute to health issues such as heart disease.
/ɐmˈiːnoʊ ˈæsɪd/
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аминокислота
any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins
Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins, which are essential for numerous bodily functions. There are 20 different amino acids, and they can be divided into three categories: essential, non-essential, and conditional. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be obtained through dietary sources such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, and nuts. Non-essential amino acids are produced by the body, while conditional amino acids are typically non-essential but may become necessary during periods of illness or stress. Amino acids are crucial for constructing and repairing tissues, supporting immune function, and producing enzymes and hormones. Ensuring an adequate intake of all amino acids is important for maintaining overall health and proper bodily functions.
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синапс
a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter
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генотип
the genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from its parents
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мейоз
a type of cell division that creates reproductive cells with half the usual number of chromosomes
/maɪtˈoʊsɪs/
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митоз
a type of cell division that results in the formation of two daughter cells, each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell
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(эндокринология)
эндокринная система
the system of glands and organs that produce and release hormones into the bloodstream, regulating various physiological functions and maintaining homeostasis
/ɛɡzˈɑːkɹaɪn/
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(с secretирующая железа наружного секрета)
экзокринная железа
a gland that secretes substances, such as enzymes or mucus, through ducts that lead to the external environment or a body cavity, rather than directly into the bloodstream
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кортизол
a steroid hormone that the body produces and is used in medicine to help cure skin diseases
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раздражитель
something that triggers a reaction in various areas like psychology or physiology
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аксон
a long, slender projection of a nerve cell that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body towards other neurons or target cells
An axon is a long, thin, and cylindrical extension of a neuron that transmits electrical signals away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands. It is a crucial part of the nervous system and is fundamental to communication between neurons. The axon is covered in a protective layer of myelin, which helps to increase the speed and efficiency of signal transmission. In some cases, axons can range in length from a few millimeters to over a meter. At the end of the axon are small branches called axon terminals that form synapses with other neurons or target cells, allowing for the transmission of signals across the synapse. The complex network of axons and synapses is essential for learning, memory, perception, and other cognitive processes in the brain.
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(везикула клеточная)
везикула
a small, membrane-bound sac within a cell, involved in the transport, storage, or release of substances
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