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(земная кора)
кора
the outermost layer of the Earth, consisting of solid rock and divided into the continental crust and the oceanic crust
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осадок
particles of solid material that settle at the bottom of a liquid
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эрозия
the process by which soil and rock are gradually destroyed and removed by natural forces such as wind, water, and ice
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(страта)
слой
(geology) a distinct layer of rock or sediment
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минералогия
the scientific study of minerals, their composition, properties, and classification, often involving the analysis of crystal structures and the identification of various mineral species
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петрология
the branch of geology that focuses on the study of rocks, their classification, composition, origin, and the processes involved in their formation
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геоморфология
the scientific study of landforms, their origin, development, and classification, often examining the processes that shape the Earth's surface, such as erosion, deposition, and tectonic activity
/stɐlˈæktaɪt/
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сталактит
a tapering, icicle-like mineral formation hanging from the roof of a cave or underground structure, typically composed of calcium carbonate deposited by dripping water containing dissolved minerals
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(конусовидное минеральное образование)
сталагмит
a cone-shaped mineral formation rising from the floor of a cave or underground structure, formed by the deposition of minerals from dripping water containing dissolved substances
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(эра)
эон
a vast and longest subdivision of geological time
/pˈændʒiə/
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пангей
a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras, comprising most of Earth's landmasses fused together before breaking apart into the continents we recognize today
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(гондваналанд)
Гондвана
an ancient supercontinent that included South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Arabian Peninsula
/lɔːɹˈeɪʒə/
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Лаурасия
a hypothetical ancient supercontinent that existed from the late Precambrian to the Jurassic period, comprising the landmasses of present-day North America, Europe, Asia, and parts of Antarctica, before it began to break apart
/hˈaɪdɹəsfˌɪɹ/
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(водная оболочка)
гидросфера
the total amount of water on Earth, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater, and atmospheric water vapor
/sˌuːpɚpəzˈɪʃən/
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принцип суперпозиции
a principle in geology stating that in a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks are at the top, and the oldest rocks are at the bottom, helping determine the relative ages of geological formations
/ˈaʊtkɹɑːp/
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(обнажение)
выступ
a visible exposure of rock or geological strata at the Earth's surface, often occurring on hillsides, cliffs, or other elevated areas, providing insight into the underlying geological structure
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(материнская порода)
основная порода
solid rock beneath surface materials, forming the Earth's crust foundation
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мантия
the region of the Earth's interior, lying beneath the crust and extending to the outer core, composed of solid rock that can deform and flow over geological time scales
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