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эмпиризм
a theory stating that all knowledge is derived from experience
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релятивизм
the philosophical position that views truth, morality, or knowledge as dependent on individual perspectives, cultural contexts, or historical circumstances, and rejects absolute or universal standards
/ɛɡzɪstˈɛnʃɪəlˌɪzəm/
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экзистенциализм
a philosophical theory according to which the world has no meaning and humans are free and responsible for their actions
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причинность
the relationship between a cause and its effect
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материализм
the philosophical belief that the spiritual world does not exist and the only thing that exists is physical matter
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скептицизм
the philosophical theory that certain knowledge is unattainable
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цинизм
a doubtful view toward others' honesty or intentions
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этика
the branch of philosophy that studies moral values and principles
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добродетель
attitudes or manners exhibiting high moral standards
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диалектика
a method of uncovering the truth about something by comparing contradicting ideas and considering different theories
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идеализм
(philosophy) the belief that the physical world is either a product of the mind, or is entirely subjective and exists only in the mind
/ɹˈæʃənəlˌɪzəm/
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рационализм
the belief or principle that ideas and actions should be based on logic instead of religion or emotion
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гуманизм
a system of thought based on human values and nature in which solving human problems is considered more important than religious beliefs
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логика
a field of study that deals with the ways of thinking, explaining, and reasoning
Logic is the study of reasoning and principles of correct thinking. It involves understanding and applying rules to make valid arguments or conclusions based on given information. Logic is used in mathematics, philosophy, computer science, and everyday decision-making to ensure that reasoning is sound and consistent.
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дуализм
the belief that reality consists of two fundamental and opposing components, such as mind and body or good and evil
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эстетика
the branch of philosophy which deals with the nature of beauty and art
Aesthetics refers to the principles of beauty and artistic taste. It involves the appreciation of beauty in art, nature, and design, exploring what makes something visually pleasing or meaningful. Aesthetics includes various elements like color, form, layout, and style, affecting how visual experiences are seen and enjoyed. This field also examines how cultural and historical contexts influence the understanding of beauty. It has a crucial role in areas such as art, architecture, and design, influencing the creation and evaluation of visual experiences.
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(философский механизм)
механизм
a philosophical perspective that views natural phenomena, including living organisms and their behavior, as analogous to machines operating based on deterministic physical and chemical processes, without the need for supernatural or non-physical explanations
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