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1-
diaphragm
2-
appendix
3-
intestinal
4-
prefrontal cortex
5-
spleen
6-
enamel
7-
clavicle
8-
cochlea
9-
cecum
10-
torso
11-
artery
12-
joint
13-
spine
14-
tract
15-
coronary
16-
thyroid
17-
talus
18-
bladder
19-
reproductive
20-
sensory
21-
tactile
22-
retinal
23-
auditory
24-
optical
25-
chromosome
26-
genome
27-
genotype
28-
phenotype
29-
allele
30-
recessive
31-
dominant
32-
expression
33-
to modify
34-
mutation
35-
to inherit
36-
lineage
37-
progenitor
38-
transgenic
39-
geneticist
40-
karyotype
41-
eugenics
42-
trisomy
43-
centromere
44-
palindrome
45-
cytogenetics
46-
autosome
47-
transfection
48-
genetically
49-
haploid
50-
early growth response
Diaphragm
/daɪəfræm/
Трудный
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
d
d
ia
aɪə
ph
f
r
r
a
æ
g
m
m
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диафрагма

диафрагма

существительное

(anatomy) the muscular body partition that separates the chest and abdomen

What is "diaphragm"?

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located beneath the lungs and separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity in the human body. It plays a vital role in respiration by contracting and relaxing to facilitate breathing. When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens and moves downward, creating more space in the chest cavity and allowing the lungs to expand, filling with air. This is known as inhalation. When the diaphragm relaxes, it returns to its dome shape, causing the chest cavity to decrease in volume and air to be expelled from the lungs, which is known as exhalation. In addition to its role in respiration, the diaphragm also assists in other bodily functions such as coughing, sneezing, and maintaining proper posture.

diaphragm
Appendix
/əpɛndɪks/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
a
ə
pp
p
e
ɛ
n
n
d
d
i
ɪ
x
ks
аппендикс

аппендикс

существительное

a sack of tissue that is attached to the large intestine and is surgically removed if infected

What is "appendix"?

The appendix is a small, finger-shaped pouch located at the junction of the small and large intestines in the human body. While its exact function remains unclear, it is believed to play a role in the immune system, as it contains lymphatic tissue. The appendix can become inflamed, resulting in a condition known as appendicitis, which requires surgical removal to prevent complications. Though it is considered a vestigial organ, the appendix may have some immunological significance and potential contributions to gut health.

appendix
Intestinal
/ɪntɛstənəl/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
i
ɪ
n
n
t
t
e
ɛ
s
s
t
t
i
ə
n
n
a
ə
l
l
кишечный

кишечный

существительное

relating to the intestines, which are part of the digestive system responsible for absorbing nutrients and removing waste from the body

intestinal
Prefrontal cortex
us flag
/pɹɪfɹˈʌntəl kˈɔːɹɾɛks/
префронтальная кора

префронтальная кора

существительное

the front part of the brain involved in higher cognition and executive functions

What is "prefrontal cortex"?

The prefrontal cortex, a singular body part located at the front of the brain, plays a crucial role in higher cognitive functions and executive control. It is involved in decision-making, problem-solving, planning, attention regulation, and social behavior. The prefrontal cortex is responsible for integrating information from various brain regions, allowing us to make complex judgments, anticipate consequences, and control our impulses. It also contributes to personality traits and emotional regulation. As a key component of the frontal lobe, the prefrontal cortex is essential for our ability to think critically, engage in goal-directed behavior, and navigate social interactions.

Грамматическая Информация:

Составное Существительное
Spleen
/spli:n/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
s
s
p
p
l
l
ee
i:
n
n
селезенка

селезенка

существительное

(anatomy) an abdominal organ that controls the quality of the blood cells

What is "spleen"?

The spleen is a large organ located in the upper left abdomen. It serves as a vital part of the immune system, playing multiple roles in the body's defense against infections. The spleen acts as a filter for the blood, removing old or damaged red blood cells and capturing and destroying bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances. Additionally, the spleen stores and produces white blood cells and platelets, which are crucial for fighting infections and maintaining healthy blood circulation. It also plays a role in the production of antibodies and the removal of cellular debris. The spleen is an essential organ for immune function and overall health.

spleen
Enamel
/ɪnæməl/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
e
ɪ
n
n
a
æ
m
m
e
ə
l
l
эмаль

эмаль

существительное

the hard white external layer that covers the crown of a tooth

What is "enamel"?

Enamel is the hard, outermost layer of the human teeth that covers the tooth crown. It is the hardest substance in the body and serves as a protective barrier against tooth decay and mechanical damage. Composed primarily of minerals, mainly hydroxyapatite crystals, enamel is translucent and ranges in color from white to light yellow. Enamel does not contain living cells, so it cannot regenerate once damaged. Therefore, maintaining good oral hygiene practices and minimizing exposure to acidic substances are essential for preserving the integrity of enamel and promoting overall dental health.

enamel
Clavicle
/klævəkəl/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
c
k
l
l
a
æ
v
v
i
ə
c
k
ə
l
l
e
ключица

ключица

существительное

(anatomy) a bone of the shoulder girdle that connects the breastbone to the shoulder bone

What is "clavicle"?

The clavicle, also known as the collarbone, is a long and slender bone located in the shoulder region. It connects the sternum (breastbone) to the scapula (shoulder blade). The clavicle serves as an important structural component of the shoulder girdle, providing support and stability to the upper limbs. It helps to transmit forces from the arms to the axial skeleton and allows for a wide range of shoulder movements. The clavicle's position in the body contributes to proper shoulder joint function and facilitates the attachment of various muscles, ligaments, and tendons involved in arm and shoulder movement.

clavicle
Cochlea
/kɑ:kliə/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
c
k
o
ɑ:
ch
k
l
l
ea
улитка

улитка

существительное

(anatomy) a spiral cavity in the inner ear that contains sensory organs which send nerve signals to the brain in response to vibrations

What is "cochlea"?

The cochlea is a crucial sensory organ in the inner ear, resembling a snail shell, and is responsible for translating sound waves into electrical impulses. It contains delicate hair cells that detect different frequencies of sound, allowing us to perceive a wide range of auditory sensations, from low-pitched sounds to high-pitched tones. The cochlea plays a vital role in our ability to hear and interpret sounds in our environment.

cochlea
Cecum
us flag
/sˈɛkəm/
слепая кишка

слепая кишка

существительное

the first part of the large intestine, located in the lower right abdomen

What is "cecum"?

The cecum is a pouch-like structure that marks the beginning of the large intestine in the human body. It is situated in the lower right abdomen, where it receives digested food from the small intestine. The cecum plays a role in absorbing water and electrolytes from the undigested material before it progresses through the rest of the digestive system. Additionally, it serves as a reservoir for the intestinal microbiota, housing beneficial bacteria that aid in digestion and contribute to overall gut health.

Грамматическая Информация:

Множественное число
ceca, caeca
Torso
/tɔ:rsoʊ/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
t
t
o
ɔ:
r
r
s
s
o
туловище

туловище

существительное

the upper part of the human body, excluding the arms and the head

What is "torso"?

The torso refers to the central part of the body between the neck and the pelvis. It includes the chest, abdomen, and back, housing vital organs such as the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, and intestines. The torso provides structural support and protection to these organs and plays a crucial role in maintaining bodily functions, including respiration, digestion, and circulation. Additionally, the torso contains various muscles, including the abdominal and back muscles, which contribute to posture, movement, and overall strength. The torso serves as a core foundation for the human body and is essential for overall stability and functionality.

torso
Artery
/ɑ:rtəri/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
a
ɑ:
r
r
t
t
e
ə
r
r
y
i
артерия

артерия

существительное

any blood vessel, carrying the blood to different organs of body from the heart

What is an "artery"?

An artery is a blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart and distributes it to various parts of the body. Arteries have thick, muscular walls that enable them to withstand the pressure generated by the pumping action of the heart. They play a crucial role in maintaining the circulation of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and organs throughout the body. Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles, which further divide into capillaries, allowing for the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. Arteries are vital components of the circulatory system and are essential for overall health and proper organ function.

artery
Joint
/ʤɔɪnt/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
j
ʤ
oi
ɔɪ
n
n
t
t
сустав

сустав

существительное

a place in the body where two bones meet, enabling one of them to bend or move around

What is a "joint"?

A joint is a structure in the body where two or more bones come together. It allows for movement and flexibility, enabling the body to perform various activities. Joints are crucial for mobility and range of motion in different parts of the body, such as the limbs, spine, and fingers. They are supported by ligaments, which provide stability and hold the bones together. Joints can be classified into different types, including hinge joints, ball-and-socket joints, and pivot joints, each with its own unique structure and movement capabilities.

Грамматическая Информация:

joint
Spine
/spaɪn/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
s
s
p
p
i
n
n
e
позвоночник

позвоночник

существительное

the row of small bones that are joined together down the center of the back of the body

What is "spine"?

The spine, also known as the vertebral column or backbone, consists of a series of individual bones called vertebrae, stacked on top of each other and separated by intervertebral discs. It runs along the center of the back. The spine provides structural support to the body, allowing for an upright posture and protecting the spinal cord, which is housed within the spinal canal. It plays a crucial role in facilitating movement, flexibility, and stability of the body. The spine also serves as an attachment site for various muscles, ligaments, and tendons, contributing to overall movement and coordination. Additionally, the spine helps distribute forces and absorb shock during activities such as walking, running, and lifting. Proper care and maintenance of the spine are essential for maintaining overall health and well-being.

spine
Tract
/trækt/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
t
t
r
r
a
æ
c
k
t
t
тракт

тракт

существительное

(anatomy) a system of interconnected organs or tissues that perform a particular task in the body

Coronary
/kɔ:rənɛri/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
c
k
o
ɔ:
r
r
o
ə
n
n
a
ɛ
r
r
y
i
Коронарное кровообращение

Коронарное кровообращение

существительное

relating to the heart or the network of blood vessels encircling it

Thyroid
/θaɪrɔɪd/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
th
θ
y
r
r
oi
ɔɪ
d
d
(тироид)

(тироид)

щитовидная железа

существительное

a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, responsible for producing hormones that regulate metabolism and other bodily functions

thyroid
Talus
us flag
/tˈæləs/
таранная кость

таранная кость

существительное

the bone that forms the ankle joint with the tibia and fibula, supporting the body's weight and allowing movement of the foot

Bladder
/blædər/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
b
b
l
l
a
æ
dd
d
e
ə
r
r
мочевой пузырь

мочевой пузырь

существительное

a sac-like organ inside the body where urine is stored before being passed

What is "bladder"?

The bladder is a vital component of the urinary system in the human body. It is responsible for storing urine until it is ready to be eliminated. The walls of the bladder are made of smooth muscle tissue that can stretch and accommodate increasing volumes of urine. When the bladder is full, nerve signals are sent to the brain, triggering the sensation of needing to urinate. The bladder then contracts, allowing the urine to flow through the urethra and out of the body. Proper bladder function is essential for maintaining urinary continence and overall urinary health.

bladder
Reproductive
/riprədʌktɪv/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
r
r
e
i
p
p
r
r
o
ə
d
d
u
ʌ
c
k
t
t
i
ɪ
v
v
e
(репродуктивная)

(репродуктивная)

репродуктивный

существительное

relating to processes and behaviors involved in the creation of offspring within a species

Sensory
/sɛnsəri/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
s
s
e
ɛ
n
n
s
s
o
ə
r
r
y
i
сенсорный

сенсорный

существительное

relating to any of the five senses

antonymextrasensory
Tactile
/tæktɪl/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
t
t
a
æ
c
k
t
t
i
ɪ
l
l
e
осязательный

осязательный

существительное

relating to the sense of touch or the ability to perceive objects by touch

Retinal
/rɛtənəl/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
r
r
e
ɛ
t
t
i
ə
n
n
a
ə
l
l
сетчатка

сетчатка

существительное

(anatomy) connected with the sensory part of the eye that sends signals to the brain, called retina

Auditory
/ɔ:dɪtɔri/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
au
ɔ:
d
d
i
ɪ
t
t
o
ɔ
r
r
y
i
слуховой

слуховой

существительное

related to the ability of hearing

Optical
/ɑ:ptɪkəl/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
o
ɑ:
p
p
t
t
i
ɪ
c
k
a
ə
l
l
оптический

оптический

существительное

relating to sight or vision

optical
Chromosome
/kroʊməsoʊm/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
ch
k
r
r
o
m
m
o
ə
s
s
o
m
m
e
хромосома

хромосома

существительное

a very small threadlike structure in a living organism that carries the genes and genetic information

What is a "chromosome"?

A chromosome is a long, thread-like structure found in the cells of living organisms. It is made up of proteins and DNA, which contains the genetic instructions for growth, development, and functioning. Each chromosome carries many genes, which are the instructions for making proteins and determining various traits and characteristics. Humans have 46 chromosomes in each cell, arranged in 23 pairs, with one set coming from each parent. Chromosomes are crucial for cell division, as they ensure that genetic information is accurately copied and distributed to new cells.

chromosome
Genome
/ʤi:noʊm/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
g
ʤ
e
i:
n
n
o
m
m
e
геном

геном

существительное

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

Genotype
/ʤɛnətaɪp/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
g
ʤ
e
ɛ
n
n
o
ə
t
t
y
p
p
e
генотип

генотип

существительное

the genetic makeup of an organism, determined by the combination of genes inherited from its parents

Phenotype
/fi:nətaɪp/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
ph
f
e
i:
n
n
o
ə
t
t
y
p
p
e
фенотип

фенотип

существительное

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

Allele
/əlɛli/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
a
ə
ll
l
e
ɛ
l
l
e
i
алле́ль

алле́ль

существительное

one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

Recessive
/rəsɛsɪv/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
r
r
e
ə
c
s
e
ɛ
ss
s
i
ɪ
v
v
e
рецессивный

рецессивный

существительное

(of a gene or trait) showing its specific appearance only when an individual inherits it from both parents

antonymdominant
Dominant
/dɑ:mənənt/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
d
d
o
ɑ:
m
m
i
ə
n
n
a
ə
n
n
t
t
доминантный

доминантный

существительное

(of genes) causing a person to inherit a particular physical feature, even if it is only present in one parent's genome

antonymrecessive
Expression
/ɪksprɛʃən/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
e
ɪ
x
ks
p
p
r
r
e
ɛ
ss
ʃ
io
ə
n
n
(генетическая экспрессия)

(генетическая экспрессия)

экспрессия генов

существительное

the process by which information from a gene is used to synthesize functional gene products, such as proteins, which can influence an organism's traits

To modify
/mɑ:dəfaɪ/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
m
m
o
ɑ:
d
d
i
ə
f
f
y
(изменять)

(изменять)

модифицировать

существительное

to alter or change the genetic makeup of an organism through genetic engineering techniques

Грамматическая Информация:

Переходный
Mutation
/mjuteɪʃən/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
m
m
u
ju
t
t
a
t
ʃ
io
ə
n
n
мутация

мутация

существительное

(biology) a change in the structure of the genes of an individual that causes them to develop different physical features

mutation
To inherit
/ɪnhɛrət/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
i
ɪ
n
n
h
h
e
ɛ
r
r
i
ə
t
t
(получать в наследство)

(получать в наследство)

наследовать

существительное

to receive traits or attributes from a previous generation through genetic inheritance

Грамматическая Информация:

Переходный
Lineage
/lɪniəʤ/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
l
l
i
ɪ
n
n
ea
g
ʤ
e
происхождение

происхождение

существительное

the passing down of traits from one generation to another within a family

Progenitor
/proʊʤɛnɪtər/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
p
p
r
r
o
g
ʤ
e
ɛ
n
n
i
ɪ
t
t
o
ə
r
r
прародитель

прародитель

существительное

a person from whom other offsprings are descended

Transgenic
/trænzʤɛnɪk/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
t
t
r
r
a
æ
n
n
s
z
g
ʤ
e
ɛ
n
n
i
ɪ
c
k
(генетически модифицированный)

(генетически модифицированный)

трансгенный

существительное

(of an organism) having genetic material from another species that has been artificially introduced into its genome

Geneticist
/ʤənɛtəsəst/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
g
ʤ
e
ə
n
n
e
ɛ
t
t
i
ə
c
s
i
ə
s
s
t
t
генетик

генетик

существительное

a specialist in or student of the branch of biology that deals with how individual features and different characteristics are passed through genes

Karyotype
us flag
/kˈæɹɪˌɑːtaɪp/
кариотип

кариотип

существительное

a visual display of an individual's chromosomes, used for genetic analysis and identifying abnormalities

What is a "karyotype"?

A karyotype is a picture of all the chromosomes in a cell, arranged in a standard format. This arrangement helps to see if there are any abnormalities in the number or structure of the chromosomes. The chromosomes are paired and arranged by size and shape, making it easier to study and identify any genetic issues or conditions. A karyotype can be used to diagnose genetic disorders, monitor changes in chromosome patterns, and understand the effects of genetic factors on certain diseases.

Eugenics
/juʤɛnɪks/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
e
u
ju
g
ʤ
e
ɛ
n
n
i
ɪ
c
k
s
s
евгеника

евгеника

существительное

the practice of improving the genetic quality of a human population through selective breeding and other methods

antonymdysgenics
Trisomy
us flag
/tɹˈaɪsəmi/
(трисомия 21 хромосомы)

(трисомия 21 хромосомы)

трисомия

существительное

a genetic condition in which an individual has three copies of a chromosome instead of the usual two

Centromere
us flag
/sˈɛntɹoʊmɚ/
центромера

центромера

существительное

the region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids are joined and where the spindle fibers attach during cell division

Palindrome
us flag
/pˈeɪlɪndɹˌoʊm/
палиндром

палиндром

существительное

a DNA sequence that has the same order of nucleotides on each side of the complementary DNA strands

Cytogenetics
us flag
/sˌaɪɾoʊdʒnˈɛɾɪks/
цитогенетика

цитогенетика

существительное

the branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of chromosomes using microscopic and molecular techniques

Autosome
us flag
/ˈɔːɾoʊsˌoʊm/
(неполовой хромосома)

(неполовой хромосома)

автосома

существительное

any chromosome that is not involved in determining sex, present in pairs in both males and females, and carrying most of an individual's genetic information

Transfection
us flag
/tɹænsfˈɛkʃən/
трансфекция

трансфекция

существительное

the process of introducing foreign DNA or RNA into eukaryotic cells to study gene function or manipulate gene expression

Genetically
/ʤənɛtɪkli/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
g
ʤ
e
ə
n
n
e
ɛ
t
t
i
ɪ
c
k
a
ll
l
y
i
генетически

генетически

существительное

in a manner that is related to genetics or genes

Грамматическая Информация:

Наречие Образа Действия
Haploid
/hæplɔɪd/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
h
h
a
æ
p
p
l
l
oi
ɔɪ
d
d
гаплоид

гаплоид

существительное

a cell or organism containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes, typically denoted as n, representing half the genetic material of a diploid cell

Early growth response
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/ˈɜːli ɡɹˈoʊθ ɹɪspˈɑːns/
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a family of transcription factors that play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to various stimuli

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