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проза
spoken or written language in its usual form, in contrast to poetry
/fɹˈiː vˈɜːs/
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свободный стих
a type of verse without rhyme that has an irregular rhythm
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строфа
a series of lines in a poem, usually with recurring rhyme scheme and meter
A stanza is a grouped set of lines in a poem, often separated from other stanzas by a blank line. Stanzas function similarly to paragraphs in prose, organizing thoughts and ideas into distinct sections. They can vary in length, structure, and rhyme scheme, allowing poets to create different effects and rhythms within their work. The arrangement of stanzas contributes to the overall flow and visual presentation of a poem, helping to guide the reader's experience and enhance the thematic elements of the piece.
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сонет
a verse of Italian origin that has 14 lines, usually in an iambic pentameter and a prescribed rhyme scheme
A sonnet is a structured form of poetry that consists of fourteen lines, typically written in iambic pentameter. Sonnets often explore themes of love, beauty, time, or nature, and they usually include a volta, or turn, which introduces a shift in perspective or argument. This form allows poets to convey complex emotions and ideas within a tight structure, making it a popular choice throughout literary history. The rhyme scheme and meter contribute to the musical quality of the poem, enhancing its expressive power.
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баллада
a tale that is narrated in the form of a song or poem
A ballad is a type of song or poem that tells a story, often about historical events, legends, or romantic tales. Ballads are typically characterized by their narrative style and can be set to music with a simple and memorable melody. They often follow a repetitive structure with verses and a chorus, making them easy to sing and remember. Ballads have been popular across various cultures and eras, serving as a way to convey stories and emotions through both music and words.
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главный герой
the main character in a movie, novel, TV show, etc.
The protagonist is the main character in a story, play, or film who drives the plot forward and faces the central conflict. This character is typically the one the audience or readers are meant to root for or empathize with, and their actions, decisions, and growth are central to the narrative. The protagonist often has clear goals or desires and must overcome various challenges or obstacles throughout the story.
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героиня
the main female character in a story, book, film, etc., typically known for great qualities
A heroine is a central female character in a story who displays qualities such as courage, strength, and moral integrity. She often embarks on a significant journey or faces various challenges, working to achieve noble goals or overcome obstacles. The heroine usually plays a key role in the plot, often standing up against antagonists or adversity to protect others or bring about positive change.
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иносказание
a story, poem, etc. in which the characters and events are used as symbols to convey moral or political lessons
An allegory is a story or narrative in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract ideas or concepts, creating a deeper, symbolic meaning. In an allegory, the surface story has a literal meaning, but it also conveys a more profound message about moral, political, or philosophical themes. For example, George Orwell's Animal Farm is an allegory that uses a farm and its animals to represent the events and figures of the Russian Revolution, exploring themes of power and corruption. Allegories use symbolism to offer insights into complex ideas and encourage readers to think beyond the obvious narrative.
/fˈɪɡjʊɹˌeɪɾɪv lˈæŋɡwɪdʒ/
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(метафорический язык)
образный язык
the use of words and expressions that are not meant to be taken literally, but rather to create a vivid, imaginative image or effect in the reader's mind
Figurative language is a way of using words in creative and imaginative ways to convey meanings beyond their literal definitions. It involves expressing ideas through techniques such as comparisons, exaggerations, or personification to create vivid images and evoke emotions. This approach adds depth and interest to writing, helping to paint clearer pictures in the reader's mind and enrich their overall experience.
Грамматическая Информация:
/ˌæntɪmətˈæbɑːl/
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антиметабола
a literary and rhetorical device that involves repeating words or phrases in successive clauses or sentences, but in reverse order
Antimetabole is a rhetorical device where a phrase or sentence is repeated in reverse order to create a memorable and impactful effect. This involves swapping the order of words or phrases to emphasize a contrast or reveal a deeper meaning. For example, in the phrase "Eat to live, not live to eat", the reversal of the words highlights the contrast between the two ideas and creates a striking effect. Antimetabole can add rhythm, reinforce a point, or enhance the persuasive power of a statement.
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персонификация
a literary device where human qualities or characteristics are attributed to non-human entities, objects, or ideas
Personification is a figure of speech where human qualities are given to animals, objects, or abstract ideas. It helps make non-human things seem more relatable or vivid by describing them as if they can act, think, or feel like people. For example, saying "The wind whispered through the trees" gives the wind the human ability to whisper. Personification adds depth and emotion to writing by allowing readers to connect more deeply with the subject.
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аллюзия
a statement that implies or indirectly mentions something or someone else, especially as a literary device
An allusion is a literary device where a reference is made to a person, place, event, or work of literature that is not explicitly mentioned but is expected to be recognized by the reader. This reference is used to add meaning or context to the text by drawing on the reader's knowledge of the alluded-to subject. For example, if a character is described as "fighting a losing battle against overwhelming odds", it alludes to the historical event of the Battle of Thermopylae, where a small group of Greek warriors faced a much larger Persian army. This allusion helps convey that the character is facing a seemingly insurmountable challenge. Allusions enrich the text by connecting it to broader cultural or historical references.
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каламбур
a clever or amusing use of words that takes advantage of the multiple meanings or interpretations that it has
A pun is a form of wordplay that uses the multiple meanings of a word or similar-sounding words to create a humorous or clever effect. It involves a play on words where a word or phrase is used in a way that suggests different meanings or interpretations. For example, in the phrase "I used to be a baker, but I could not make enough dough", the pun is on the word "dough", which refers both to the mixture used to make bread and slang for money. This play on words adds humor by linking two different meanings of the same word. Puns are often used to add wit or a clever twist to writing and speech.
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метафора
a figure of speech that compares two unrelated things to highlight their similarities and convey a deeper meaning
A metaphor is a figure of speech that directly compares two different things by stating that one thing is another, highlighting a particular quality or aspect they share, without using "like" or "as". For example, saying "Time is a thief" suggests that time steals moments from lives, even though time is not literally a thief. Metaphors help convey meanings and emotions in a more vivid and imaginative way by creating direct comparisons between different concepts.
/sˈɪmɪli/
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сравнение
a word or phrase that compares two things or people, highlighting the similarities, often introduced by 'like' or 'as'
A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things using the words "like" or "as" to highlight a similarity between them. For example, saying "Her smile was like sunshine" compares the warmth and brightness of her smile to the sun, making the description more vivid and expressive. Similes are used to create clearer or more imaginative descriptions by drawing parallels between familiar concepts and the subject being described.
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ирония
a form of humor in which the words that someone says mean the opposite, producing an emphatic effect
Irony is a way of using language to say something that is intentionally contrary to what is meant, often to criticize or mock. It employs clever or sarcastic language to highlight flaws or shortcomings indirectly. For example, if someone who is consistently late is called "Mr. Punctual", the remark uses irony to emphasize the opposite of the truth and to subtly criticize the person's lack of punctuality. This form of irony is used to express disapproval or mock someone or something by pointing out their flaws in an indirect and often humorous way.
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тон
the general manner or attitude of the author in a literary work
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канон
a recognized collection of authoritative books, texts, or works within a particular field or tradition, especially in religion
/mˌɑːɹdʒɪnˈeɪliə/
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маргиналии
marks and notes written in the margins of a book or document
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(воспоминания)
мемуары
a written account of a person's own life experiences or a particular period in their life
A memoir is a type of personal narrative that explores specific events or periods from a person's life. It focuses on sharing the author’s own experiences, reflections, and insights about those times. Rather than covering an entire life, a memoir delves into particular moments or themes, offering a detailed and personal perspective on how these experiences shaped the author's life. It aims to provide readers with an intimate understanding of the author's journey and the significance of the experiences described.
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автобиография
the story of the life of a person, written by the same person
An autobiography is a book or account in which a person writes about their own life experiences and personal history. It provides details about the individual's background, achievements, and significant events from their own perspective. Autobiographies often include reflections on key moments, personal growth, and the impact of various experiences on the author's life. The purpose of an autobiography is to share one's own story with readers, offering insights into their life and character.
/ɡɹˈæfɪk nˈɑːvəl/
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графический роман
a book that combines illustrations and storytelling to convey a narrative, often in a sequential art format
A graphic novel is a book-length work of fiction or non-fiction that uses the format and techniques of a comic book, combining illustrations and text to tell a story. Unlike traditional comic books, which are usually released in individual parts, a graphic novel presents a complete narrative within a single volume or a series of volumes. The storytelling in graphic novels often explores complex themes and employs a range of artistic styles, making them a versatile medium for both literary and visual storytelling.
Грамматическая Информация:
/dˈaɪm nˈɑːvəl/
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бульварный роман
a cheap paperback novel often featuring an adventure or melodramatic story
/ˈbækˌstɔri/
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предыстория
the events that have happened to a character before their story in a book, movie, etc. begins
A backstory is the background information about a character or situation that precedes the events of the main narrative. It includes details about a character's past experiences, relationships, and circumstances that have shaped who they are and influenced their actions and motivations in the present story. Providing a backstory helps to deepen understanding and context, adding richness to the character's development and the overall plot.
Грамматическая Информация:
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(сборник)
антология
a collection of selected writings by various authors, often on a similar theme or subject
An anthology is a collection of selected works, such as poems, short stories, essays, or other written pieces, gathered into one book. These works are usually chosen based on a common theme, genre, or author, and the anthology serves as a way to showcase a variety of examples within that area. Anthologies are often used in literature courses to introduce students to different styles of writing or to provide a broad range of literary works from various authors. They offer readers a diverse selection of material, making it easier to explore different ideas and perspectives.
/ɡˈoʊstɹaɪɾɚ/
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писатель-призрак
an author whose work is published under someone else's name
A ghostwriter is a professional writer hired to produce content on behalf of someone else, who is often credited as the author. Ghostwriters work behind the scenes to craft books, articles, speeches, or other written materials according to the client's ideas, voice, and instructions. Although the ghostwriter does the actual writing, the final work is published under the client's name. This arrangement is common for autobiographies, memoirs, and works where the credited author may lack the time or writing skills to produce the text themselves.
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(манускрипт)
рукопись
a written document, book, or musical composition created by hand rather than being produced using a typewriter or printing press
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(рукопись)
свиток
a roll of parchment, paper, or other material containing writing or images, often used for historical or religious texts
A scroll is a long, continuous roll of paper, parchment, or other material used for writing or printing text. Unlike books with bound pages, a scroll consists of a single sheet or series of sheets rolled onto a spindle or dowel. To read a scroll, it is unrolled gradually from one end to reveal the text. Scrolls were commonly used in ancient and medieval times for recording documents, religious texts, and literature. They are often associated with historical or traditional manuscripts and are valued for their historical significance and unique format.
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Пародия
an absurd or comically exaggerated replication of a literary or dramatic work
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сатирический
intending to mock, ridicule, or criticize a person, group, or society in a humorous or exaggerated way
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мелодраматичный
exaggerated or overly emotional in a theatrical or sensational way
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(извлекать)
выдергивать
to select and extract a passage, segment, or portion from a larger text, usually for reference or quotation
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беллетризировать
to turn real events or situations into a tale or story, often by changing or adding to the details
/ɡlˈɪf/
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(символ)
глиф
a specific graphical representation or shape of a character or symbol within a writing system
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междометие
(grammar) a phrase or word used suddenly to express a particular emotion
An interjection is a word or phrase that expresses a strong emotion or reaction and is often used independently from the main sentence. Interjections can convey a wide range of feelings, such as surprise, joy, anger, or excitement. Common examples include "wow," "ouch," "hey," "oh," and "hurray." Interjections are usually followed by punctuation, such as an exclamation mark, to emphasize the emotional response. For instance, in the sentence "Wow! That is amazing," the interjection "wow" shows excitement. Understanding interjections is important for recognizing how emotions are conveyed in speech and writing, adding depth and expressiveness to communication.
Грамматическая Информация:
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синтаксис
(linguistics) the way in which words and phrases are arranged to form grammatical sentences in a language
Syntax refers to how words and phrases are organized to create grammatical sentences in a language. It includes the rules that dictate the arrangement of different parts of a sentence, such as subjects, verbs, and objects, to ensure that the intended meaning is clear. Proper syntax is important for effective communication, as it helps convey ideas accurately and understandably. Changes in syntax can also influence the style and tone of language, affecting how a message is perceived. Understanding syntax is crucial for language learners and anyone studying how languages work.
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диалект
the spoken form of a language specific to a certain region or people which is slightly different from the standard form in words and grammar
A dialect is a particular form of a language that is specific to a certain region or group of people, distinguished by unique vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. Dialects can vary widely even within the same language, reflecting cultural and social differences. For instance, American English and British English are dialects of the English language, each with distinct words and phrases, such as "truck" in American English and "lorry" in British English. Understanding dialects is important for grasping the richness and diversity of language as it is used in different communities.
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интонация
(phonetics) the rising and falling of the voice when speaking
Intonation refers to the variation in pitch while speaking, which helps convey meaning, emotion, and attitude. It involves the rise and fall of voice pitch over phrases and sentences, indicating whether a statement is a question, a command, or an expression of surprise, among other things. For example, in English, a rising intonation at the end of a sentence often suggests a question, while a falling intonation may indicate a statement or command. Intonation is important for effective communication, as it can change the intended meaning and help listeners interpret the speaker's emotions and intent.
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инициальное сокращение
a word formed from the initial letters of a phrase, pronounced as a single word
An acronym is a type of abbreviation formed by taking the initial letters of a series of words and combining them into a new word that is pronounced as a single term. For example, "NASA" stands for "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", and "SCUBA" stands for "Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus". Acronyms are often used for convenience, making long names or phrases easier to say and remember. They are common in technical, governmental, and organizational contexts, helping to streamline communication by simplifying complex terms.
/ɪnˈɪʃəlˌɪzəm/
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(сокращение)
инициализм
a type of abbreviation where the first letter of each word in a phrase or name is used to form a pronounceable acronym-like string of letters
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этимология
the study of the origins and historical developments of words and their meanings
Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words. It looks at where a word came from, how its form and meaning have changed over time, and what languages it has passed through. For example, the word "ballet" comes from the French language, which borrowed it from Italian, and it originally came from a Latin word meaning "to dance". Etymology helps us understand the roots and evolution of words in different languages.
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(эксперт по языковедению)
лингвист
an expert in the study of language, examining its structure, development, and cultural aspects
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мифология
a collection of ancient myths, particularly one that belongs to a group of people and their history, etc.
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химера
a mythological creature in Greek mythology, typically depicted as a fire-breathing creature with the body and head of a lion, the head of a goat protruding from its back, and a serpent for a tail
A chimera is a mythical creature from Greek mythology with a mixed form, typically described as having the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a serpent. In some versions, it may have additional features, such as wings or the ability to breathe fire. The chimera is often depicted as a fierce and terrifying beast, symbolizing a monstrous and chaotic force. The term "chimera" is also used more broadly to describe any creature or thing that is a blend of different elements or a wild and imaginative fantasy.
/bˈæzɪlˌɪsk/
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басилиск
a legendary reptile, often depicted as having a deadly gaze or venomous breath
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фольклор
the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, and legends of a particular community, usually passed down through generations by word of mouth
Folklore refers to the traditional beliefs, customs, stories, and practices of a community or culture that are passed down through generations. It includes myths, legends, fairy tales, and rituals that reflect the values, history, and worldview of the people. Folklore is often shared orally or through cultural practices, and it helps to preserve and communicate the identity and heritage of a group.
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обычай
a way of behaving or of doing something that is widely accepted in a society or among a specific group of people
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(легенда)
нaродное знание
collective knowledge, traditions, beliefs, and stories passed down within a culture or community, typically through storytelling
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элегия
a song or poem expressing sadness, especially in the memory of a dead person or a bitter event in the past
An elegy is a poem that expresses sorrow, often written in response to the death of a person or the loss of something significant. Traditionally, elegies explore themes of grief, mourning, and the passage of time, providing a space for the poet to convey deep emotions and memories. This form can vary in structure, but it typically maintains a solemn and introspective tone. Elegies may also celebrate the life of the deceased, highlighting their virtues and the impact they had on others.
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(наследство)
наследие
the customs, traditions, rituals, and behaviors that are inherited and preserved within a community or society over time
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(альтернативная культура)
субкультура
a group within a larger culture that shares distinctive values, norms, and behaviors, often differing from those of the dominant culture
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(возрождение)
перерождение
a renewed period of growth, popularity, or significance, particularly in cultural, artistic, or economic contexts
/tˈaɪmˈɑːnɚd/
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(традиционный)
долгосрочный
(of traditions, practices, or customs) respected and followed for a long time because of their enduring value or significance
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