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Неврология и биохимия крови

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1-
neurogenesis
2-
synesthesia
3-
sensation
4-
neuron
5-
white matter
6-
parietal cortex
7-
short-term memory
8-
neurotransmitter
9-
hippocampus
10-
neuroscientist
11-
synapse
12-
connectome
13-
parasympathetic
14-
neurosis
15-
autonomic
16-
endocrinology
17-
melatonin
18-
ghrelin
19-
leptin
20-
estrogen
21-
serotonin
22-
norepinephrine
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histamine
24-
lipoprotein
25-
biomarker
26-
amino acid
27-
acidosis
28-
alkalosis
29-
inhibitory
30-
hemoglobin
31-
cytokine
Neurogenesis
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/nˌʊɹɹoʊdʒˈɛnɪsˌɪs/
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(образование нейронов)

(образование нейронов)

нейрогенез

существительное

the process by which new neurons are generated in the brain, occurring primarily during prenatal development but also continuing into adulthood in certain brain regions

example
Пример
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Stress and aging can negatively impact neurogenesis in the brain.
Neurogenesis in the olfactory system allows for the continuous replenishment of neurons involved in smell perception.
The discovery of adult neurogenesis challenged previous beliefs about brain development.
Synesthesia
us flag
/sˌaɪnɪsθˈiːʒə/
синестезия

синестезия

существительное

a neurological phenomenon where stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway

Sensation
/sɛnseɪʃən/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
s
s
e
ɛ
n
n
s
s
a
t
ʃ
io
ə
n
n
ощущение

ощущение

существительное

a physical perception caused by an outside stimulus or something being in touch with the body

Neuron
/nʊrɑn/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
n
n
e
u
ʊ
r
r
o
ɑ
n
n
нейрон

нейрон

существительное

a cell that is responsible for transmitting nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body

What is a "neuron"?

A neuron, also known as a nerve cell, is a specialized cell that is the fundamental unit of the nervous system. Neurons are responsible for transmitting information throughout the body, allowing us to think, feel, and move. They have a unique structure that includes dendrites, a cell body, and an axon. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons, while the cell body processes this information. The axon, which can be very long, carries electrical impulses away from the cell body and towards other neurons, muscles, or glands. Communication between neurons occurs through synapses, small gaps between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

White matter
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/wˈaɪt mˈæɾɚ/
Белое вещество

Белое вещество

существительное

the tissue in the central nervous system composed of myelinated nerve fibers

What is "white matter"?

White matter refers to the tissue in the central nervous system that consists primarily of myelinated nerve fibers. It forms the inner layer of the cerebral cortex and comprises bundles of axons that connect different regions of the brain and spinal cord. White matter facilitates communication between different brain regions and enables the transmission of electrical signals across long distances. It plays a vital role in coordinating complex processes such as motor control, sensory perception, and cognitive functions. The name "white matter" stems from its appearance, which is lighter in color compared to the grey matter due to the presence of myelin sheaths that surround the axons.

Грамматическая Информация:

Составное Существительное
Parietal cortex
us flag
/pˈæɹaɪəɾəl kˈɔːɹɾɛks/
Задняя теменная кора

Задняя теменная кора

существительное

the outer layer of neural tissue in the parietal lobe involved in sensory processing and spatial awareness

What is "parietal cortex"?

The parietal cortex is the region of the brain's cerebral cortex that resides in the parietal lobe. It is responsible for processing and integrating sensory information from various parts of the body, allowing us to perceive and interpret our surroundings. The parietal cortex is involved in functions such as spatial awareness, perception of touch, body orientation, and spatial cognition. It plays a vital role in our ability to navigate our environment, interact with objects, and engage in activities that require hand-eye coordination and sensory integration.

Грамматическая Информация:

Составное Существительное
parietal cortex
Short-term memory
us flag
/ʃˈɔːɹttˈɜːm mˈɛmɚɹi/
(временная память)

(временная память)

кратковременная память

существительное

the temporary storage of information that is currently being used or actively processed by the brain, typically for a few seconds to a few minutes

Neurotransmitter
us flag
/nˈʊɹɹətɹˌænsmɪɾɚ/
нейромедиатор

нейромедиатор

существительное

a chemical substance that transmits messages from a neuron to another one or to a muscle

Hippocampus
/hɪpoʊkæmpəs/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
h
h
i
ɪ
pp
p
o
c
k
a
æ
m
m
p
p
u
ə
s
s
гиппокамп

гиппокамп

существительное

a curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigationa curved structure in the brain responsible for memory formation, learning, and spatial navigation

What is "hippocampus"?

The hippocampus, a singular body part located in the brain, plays a vital role in memory consolidation, learning, and spatial navigation. It is responsible for converting short-term memories into long-term memories and is involved in various cognitive processes, including the formation of new memories, emotional regulation, and spatial orientation. The hippocampus is shaped like a seahorse and is situated in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. Its intricate network of neurons and connections enables the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information, contributing to our ability to remember and navigate the world around us.

Neuroscientist
/njʊroʊsaɪəntɪst/
Трудный
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
n
n
e
u
r
r
o
s
s
c
ie
aɪə
n
n
t
t
i
ɪ
s
s
t
t
(нейросcientист)

(нейросcientист)

нейробиолог

существительное

a scientist who studies the structure, function, and disorders of the nervous system, including the brain and spinal cord

Synapse
/sɪæps/
Трудный
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
s
s
y
ɪ
n
a
æ
p
p
s
s
e
синапс

синапс

существительное

a junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter

Connectome
us flag
/kənˈɛktoʊm/
коннектом

коннектом

существительное

a comprehensive map or diagram that depicts the complete set of neural connections within a nervous system

Parasympathetic
/pɛrəsɪmpəθɛtɪk/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
p
p
a
ɛ
r
r
a
ə
s
s
y
ɪ
m
m
p
p
a
ə
th
θ
e
ɛ
t
t
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ɪ
c
k
(относящийся к парасимпатической системе)

(относящийся к парасимпатической системе)

парасимпатический

существительное

relating to the part of the nervous system that promotes relaxation and digestion in the body

Neurosis
/nʊroʊsəs/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
n
n
e
u
ʊ
r
r
o
s
s
i
ə
s
s
невроз

невроз

существительное

a mental condition that is not caused by organic disease in which one is constantly anxious, worried, and stressed

What is "neurosis"?

Neurosis is a mental condition characterized by constant anxiety, worry, and stress that is not caused by physical illness. People experiencing neurosis may feel constantly tense or overwhelmed by their emotions. This condition can interfere with daily functioning and overall well-being, leading to difficulties in managing responsibilities, relationships, and self-care. Treatment for neurosis often involves therapy to help individuals understand and cope with their anxious thoughts and behaviors, as well as develop healthy coping strategies to reduce stress and improve quality of life.

Грамматическая Информация:

Множественное число
neuroses
Autonomic
/ɔtənɑ:mɪk/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
au
ɔ
t
t
o
ə
n
n
o
ɑ:
m
m
i
ɪ
c
k
(автономический)

(автономический)

автономный

существительное

relating to bodily functions that occur automatically, without conscious effort or control

Endocrinology
/ɛndoʊkrənɑ:ləʤi/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
e
ɛ
n
n
d
d
o
c
k
r
r
i
ə
n
n
o
ɑ:
l
l
o
ə
g
ʤ
y
i
эндокринология

эндокринология

существительное

the branch of medicine and physiology dealing with the endocrine system that controls the hormones in one's body

What is "endocrinology"?

Endocrinology is a medical specialty focused on the study and treatment of the endocrine system, which includes the glands that produce hormones to control various bodily functions. Endocrinologists, specialists in this field, diagnose and manage conditions related to hormone imbalances, such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and adrenal gland issues. They use various tests, including blood tests and imaging studies, to evaluate hormone levels and gland function. Endocrinology plays a crucial role in maintaining hormonal balance, managing chronic conditions, and promoting overall health and well-being.

Melatonin
/mɛlətoʊnɪn/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
m
m
e
ɛ
l
l
a
ə
t
t
o
n
n
i
ɪ
n
n
мелатонин

мелатонин

существительное

a hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and promotes restful sleep

What is "melatonin"?

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland that helps regulate the sleep-wake cycle and promote restful sleep. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's internal clock and is involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms, such as the sleep-wake cycle and seasonal changes. Melatonin levels rise in the evening, signaling the body to prepare for sleep, and decline in the morning, promoting wakefulness and alertness.

Ghrelin
us flag
/dʒˌiːˈeɪtʃɹɪlˈɪn/
грелин

грелин

существительное

a hormone produced mainly by the stomach that stimulates appetite and regulates hunger

Leptin
/lɛptɪn/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
l
l
e
ɛ
p
p
t
t
i
ɪ
n
n
(гормон лептин)

(гормон лептин)

лептин

существительное

a hormone produced primarily by fat cells that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and promoting feelings of fullness

Estrogen
/ɛstrəʤən/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
e
ɛ
s
s
t
t
r
r
o
ə
g
ʤ
e
ə
n
n
эстроген

эстроген

существительное

a hormone primarily responsible for female reproductive development and regulation

What is "estrogen"?

Estrogen is a hormone primarily produced by the ovaries in females, although it is also present in smaller amounts in males. It plays a crucial role in the female reproductive system and has various effects on the body. Estrogen is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in females, such as breast development and the widening of the hips. It also plays a role in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and is involved in the maintenance of bone health. Additionally, estrogen affects mood, cognition, and cardiovascular health. Overall, estrogen is an important hormone involved in reproductive processes and the overall well-being of individuals.

Serotonin
/sərətoʊnɪn/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
s
s
e
ə
r
r
o
ə
t
t
o
n
n
i
ɪ
n
n
серотонин

серотонин

существительное

a neurotransmitter primarily found in the brain and gastrointestinal tract that plays a key role in mood regulation, appetite, sleep, and various physiological functions

Norepinephrine
us flag
/nˈoːɹpaɪnfɹˌiːn/
норадреналин

норадреналин

существительное

a hormone and neurotransmitter that regulates the body's stress response

What is "norepinephrine"?

Norepinephrine is released by the adrenal glands and acts as both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. It plays a key role in the body's fight-or-flight response, mobilizing energy reserves and increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow to the muscles. Norepinephrine also affects mood, attention, and cognition, helping to enhance focus and arousal.

Histamine
/hɪstəmin/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
h
h
i
ɪ
s
s
t
t
a
ə
m
m
i
i
n
n
e
(гистаминное вещество)

(гистаминное вещество)

гистамин

существительное

a compound released by cells in response to injury, allergy, or immune reactions, causing inflammation, itching, and other allergy symptoms

Lipoprotein
/lɪpəproʊtin/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
l
l
i
ɪ
p
p
o
ə
p
p
r
r
o
t
t
ei
i
n
n
липопротеин

липопротеин

существительное

a biochemical assembly that transports fats in the bloodstream, composed of proteins and lipids

Biomarker
us flag
/bˌaɪoʊmˈɑːɹkɚ/
(биологический индикатор)

(биологический индикатор)

биомаркер

существительное

a biological indicator found in blood that can be measured and evaluated to indicate a particular physiological or pathological condition, or the response to treatment

Amino acid
us flag
/ɐmˈiːnoʊ ˈæsɪd/
аминокислота

аминокислота

существительное

any organic compound that creates the basic structure of proteins

What are "amino acid"?

Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins, which are essential for numerous bodily functions. There are 20 different amino acids, and they can be divided into three categories: essential, non-essential, and conditional. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body and must be obtained through dietary sources such as meat, fish, eggs, dairy products, beans, and nuts. Non-essential amino acids are produced by the body, while conditional amino acids are typically non-essential but may become necessary during periods of illness or stress. Amino acids are crucial for constructing and repairing tissues, supporting immune function, and producing enzymes and hormones. Ensuring an adequate intake of all amino acids is important for maintaining overall health and proper bodily functions.

Acidosis
/æsədoʊsəs/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
a
æ
c
s
i
ə
d
d
o
s
s
i
ə
s
s
(кислотоз)

(кислотоз)

ацидоз

существительное

a medical condition characterized by an excess of acid in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a lower pH than normal

Alkalosis
us flag
/ˌælkɐlˈoʊsɪs/
алкалиоз

алкалиоз

существительное

a medical condition characterized by an excess of base or alkali in the blood and body tissues, resulting in a higher pH than normal

Inhibitory
/ɪnhɪbətɔri/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
i
ɪ
n
n
h
h
i
ɪ
b
b
i
ə
t
t
o
ɔ
r
r
y
i
(ингибирующий)

(ингибирующий)

ингибиторный

существительное

having the ability to restrain, limit, or suppress activity or function

Hemoglobin
/himəgloʊbən/
us flag
Эпентеза
Тихий
h
h
e
i
m
m
o
ə
g
g
l
l
o
b
b
i
ə
n
n
гемоглобин

гемоглобин

существительное

a protein that carries oxygen in red blood cells

What is "hemoglobin"?

Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and brings carbon dioxide back to the lungs to be exhaled. It is what makes blood red and is essential for transporting oxygen to tissues and organs. Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to four oxygen molecules, helping to ensure that the body’s cells receive the oxygen they need to function properly.

Cytokine
us flag
/sˈaɪɾəkˌaɪn/
цитокин

цитокин

существительное

a small protein that regulates immune responses and cell communication in the human body

What is "cytokine"?

Cytokine is a small protein secreted by various cells in the human body, including immune cells, and plays a crucial role in cell signaling and regulation of immune responses. They act as chemical messengers, coordinating and modulating the immune system's activities, such as inflammation, cell growth, and differentiation. Cytokines help facilitate communication between different cells and are essential for maintaining proper immune function and homeostasis in the body.

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Вы выучили 31 слов из ACT Neurology and Blood Biochemistry Vocabulary. Для улучшения запоминания и повторения слов начните практиковаться!

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