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Chemistry

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Вихід
1-
polymer
2-
isotope
3-
reactive
4-
radioactive
5-
covalent bond
6-
double bond
7-
hydrophilic
8-
hydrophobic
9-
exothermic reaction
10-
endothermic reaction
11-
atomic mass
12-
molecular mass
13-
mass number
14-
mole
15-
beaker
16-
pipette
17-
centrifuge
18-
indicator paper
19-
periodic table
20-
to dissolve
21-
solubilization
22-
microstructure
23-
crystalline
24-
concentration
25-
microprobe
26-
superabsorbent
27-
multicomponent alloy
28-
nanotube
29-
molten
30-
radical
31-
phase
32-
calcification
33-
fermentation
34-
to detoxify
35-
to assay
36-
crystallographer
37-
cosmochemist
38-
chromatography
39-
beta decay
40-
uncharged
41-
titration
42-
equilibrium
43-
condenser
44-
van der waal's forces
45-
metallurgist
46-
adsorption
47-
biodiesel
48-
electrolysis
49-
to suspend
50-
eutectic
51-
to dilute
polymer
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полімер

полімер

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/ˈpɑɫəmɝ/
іменник

a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure

example
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Proteins, such as collagen and hemoglobin, are biological polymers with crucial roles in the structure and function of living organisms.
Polyethylene is a common polymer used in the production of plastic bags, bottles, and various packaging materials.
Polyester is a versatile synthetic polymer used in fabrics, clothing, and plastic bottles.
isotope
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ізотоп

ізотоп

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/ˈaɪsəˌtoʊp/
іменник

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass

example
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Radioactive isotopes, like technetium-99 m, are employed in medical imaging for diagnostic purposes.
Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen, distinguished by their different numbers of neutrons.
Uranium-235 and uranium-238 are isotopes of uranium, playing crucial roles in nuclear fission reactions.
reactive
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(реактивна)

(реактивна)

реактивний

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/ɹiˈæktɪv/
іменник

having a tendency to to undergo chemical reactions

radioactive
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(радіоактивна)

(радіоактивна)

радіоактивний

flag
/ˌɹeɪdioʊˈæktɪv/
іменник

containing or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions

antonymnonradioactive
example
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Radioactive isotopes are used in medical imaging for diagnostic purposes.
Geiger counters are used to detect and measure levels of radioactive contamination.
radioactive
covalent bond
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(ковалентна зв'язка)

(ковалентна зв'язка)

ковалентний зв'язок

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/kˈoʊveɪlənt bˈɑːnd/
іменник

a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

synonymcovalency
example
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Atoms share electrons in a covalent bond to make molecules.
Covalent bonds are like atoms sharing electron hugs to stick together.
The air's like a molecular community, held together by covalent bonds, forming a breathable atmosphere.

Граматична Інформація:

Складений Іменник
double bond
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(подвійна зв'язка)

(подвійна зв'язка)

подвійний зв'язок

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/dˈʌbəl bˈɑːnd/
іменник

a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger and more stable connection than a single bond

example
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Unsaturated fats have double bonds between carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains, contributing to their liquid state at room temperature.
In organic chemistry, molecules like formaldehyde (CH₂O) contain double bonds between carbon and oxygen atoms.
Double bonds are essential in the formation of aromatic compounds like benzene, which contains alternating single and double bonds between carbon atoms.
hydrophilic
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гідрофільний

гідрофільний

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/ˌhaɪdɹəˈfɪɫɪk/
іменник

defining substances or surfaces that have a strong attraction to water molecules, allowing them to easily absorb or interact with water

antonymhydrophobic
example
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Hydrophilic surfaces in contact lenses ensure comfort by maintaining a layer of moisture between the lens and the eye.
Hydrophilic coatings on glass help rainwater to spread evenly, reducing visibility issues during rainfall.
Hydrophilic polymers are used in diapers to absorb and retain moisture away from the skin.
hydrophobic
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(той)

(той)

гідрофобний

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/hˌaɪdɹəfˈoʊbɪk/
іменник

characterized by substances or surfaces that repel water molecules, showing little or no affinity for water

antonymhydrophilic
example
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Oil is hydrophobic and does not mix with water, forming separate layers in a container.
exothermic reaction
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(реакція)

(реакція)

екзотермальна реакція

flag
/ɛɡzəðˈɜːmɪk ɹɪˈækʃən/
іменник

a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings, typically resulting in a temperature increase

example
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Combustion of propane in a gas stove is an exothermic reaction that releases heat and light.
The combustion of propane in a gas stove is an exothermic reaction that releases heat and energy.
Many biological processes, such as cellular respiration, involve exothermic reactions that release energy for metabolic functions.
endothermic reaction
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(реакція)

(реакція)

ендотермічна реакція

flag
/ˌɛndoʊθˈɜːmɪk ɹɪˈækʃən/
іменник

a chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a temperature decrease

example
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The endothermic reaction between barium hydroxide and ammonium thiocyanate absorbs heat, resulting in a temperature drop.
When ammonium nitrate dissolves in water, the endothermic reaction causes the solution to cool.
Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction where plants absorb sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
atomic mass
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(середня атомна маса)

(середня атомна маса)

атомна маса

flag
/ɐtˈɑːmɪk mˈæs/
іменник

the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes

synonymatomic weight
synonymrelative atomic mass
example
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Chlorine's atomic mass is roughly 35.45, influenced by its two major isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37.
The atomic mass of carbon is approximately 12.01 because it averages the masses of carbon-12 and carbon-13 isotopes.
The periodic table lists the atomic mass of oxygen as 16.00, considering its common isotopes.
molecular mass
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(масу молекули)

(масу молекули)

молекулярна маса

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/məlˈɛkjʊlɚ mˈæs/
іменник

the total mass of all the atoms in a single molecule of a substance

mass number
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(число нуклонів)

(число нуклонів)

масове число

flag
/mˈæs nˈʌmbɚ/
іменник

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

synonymnucleon number
example
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The mass number of oxygen-16 is 16, with 8 protons and 8 neutrons.
The mass number of carbon-12 is 12, as it has 6 protons and 6 neutrons.
Uranium-238 has a mass number of 238, indicating it has 92 protons and 146 neutrons.
mole
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моль

моль

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/ˈmoʊɫ/
іменник

a fundamental unit in chemistry that represents the amount of substance containing as many entities (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12

synonymgram molecule
synonymmol
example
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One mole of water contains 6.022 x 10²³ water molecules.
The molar mass of glucose is about 180 grams per mole.
Chemists often measure chemicals in moles to easily count particles involved in reactions.
beaker
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(стакан)

(стакан)

колба

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/ˈbikɝ/
іменник

a container usually made of glass or plastic used in chemistry and laboratory

beaker
pipette
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піпетка

піпетка

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/ˌpaɪˈpɛt/
іменник

a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid

example
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She carefully calibrated the pipette before transferring the sample into the test tube.
The laboratory protocol required the use of a graduated pipette to measure precise volumes of the solution.
The student practiced using a serological pipette to aliquot samples for her experiment.
centrifuge
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(центрифужний апарат)

(центрифужний апарат)

центрифуга

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/ˈsɛntɹəfˌjudʒ/
іменник

a device that spins samples to separate components based on density

synonymextractor
synonymseparator
example
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The clinic acquired a centrifuge for improved sample processing.
Medical tests often require the use of a centrifuge.
Food industry laboratories use centrifuges for quality control, separating and analyzing ingredients.
What is a "centrifuge"?

A centrifuge is a device used in laboratories to separate substances of different weights from a liquid mixture. It does this by spinning the mixture very quickly, causing heavier materials to move outward and leaving lighter materials closer to the center. This process allows scientists and researchers to separate and study substances like cells, proteins, or DNA in biological samples. Centrifuges are essential tools in various scientific fields for performing tests, experiments, and analyses efficiently.

indicator paper
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(папір для тестування)

(папір для тестування)

індикаторний папір

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/ˈɪndᵻkˌeɪɾɚ pˈeɪpɚ/
іменник

a special paper treated with chemicals that change color in response to certain conditions, used to test for the presence of specific substances or measure pH levels

periodic table
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(таблиця елементів)

(таблиця елементів)

періодична таблиця

flag
/pˌiəɹɪˈɑːdɪk tˈeɪbəl/
іменник

a tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties

example
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The periodic table is a valuable tool for predicting the chemical behavior of elements and understanding their relationships.
The periodic table, devised by Dmitri Mendeleev, categorizes elements into rows and columns based on their properties.
Elements in the periodic table are organized by increasing atomic number, reflecting the number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
to dissolve
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(розчинятися)

(розчинятися)

розчиняти

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/dɪˈzɑɫv/
іменник

(of a solid) to become one with a liquid

example
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Sugar dissolves quickly in hot tea.
The salt has completely dissolved into the soup.
The effervescent tablet is currently dissolving in a glass of water.

Граматична Інформація:

Неперехідний
to dissolve
solubilization
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(розчинення)

(розчинення)

солюбілізація

flag
/sˌɑːljuːbˌɪlaɪzˈeɪʃən/
іменник

the process of dispersing or dissolving a substance into a solvent to form a homogeneous solution

microstructure
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(мікроструктура матеріалу)

(мікроструктура матеріалу)

мікроструктура

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/mˌaɪkɹoʊstɹˈʌktʃɚ/
іменник

the arrangement, composition, and characteristics of a material at a microscopic level

crystalline
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(кристалізований)

(кристалізований)

кристалічний

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/ˈkɹɪstəˌɫaɪn/
іменник

denoting substances with a highly organized molecular structure, akin to crystals

antonymnoncrystalline
example
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The drug was purified into a crystalline powder.
Chemists are fascinated by the crystalline form of many minerals.
The crystalline nature of salt makes it easily recognizable.
concentration
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(вміст)

(вміст)

концентрація

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/ˌkɑnsənˈtɹeɪʃən/
іменник

the measure of how much of a substance is present in a certain volume of solution

example
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High concentrations of pollutants in the river can harm aquatic life.
The scientist measured the concentration of glucose in the blood sample.
The concentration of salt in the ocean water affects its buoyancy.
microprobe
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мікропроба

мікропроба

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/mˈaɪkɹoʊpɹˌoʊb/
іменник

a device used to analyze the chemical composition of small samples at a microscopic scale

superabsorbent
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(полімер суперабсорбент)

(полімер суперабсорбент)

суперабсорбент

flag
/sˌuːpɚɹɐbsˈoːɹbənt/
іменник

a substance capable of absorbing and retaining a large amount of liquid relative to its own mass

multicomponent alloy
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(сплав з кількох компонентів)

(сплав з кількох компонентів)

багатокомпонентний сплав

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/mˌʌltɪkəmpˈoʊnənt ˈælɔɪ/
іменник

a type of metallic material composed of three or more elements mixed together in varying proportions

nanotube
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нанотрубка

нанотрубка

flag
/nˌænoʊtˈuːb/
іменник

a tiny, tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms, with remarkable strength and electrical properties

synonymcarbon nanotube
example
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Scientists have created a prototype battery that uses nanotubes to increase its efficiency.
The unique properties of nanotubes make them ideal for use in advanced electronic devices.
The medical field is investigating the potential of nanotubes for targeted drug delivery.
molten
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(розплавлений)

(розплавлений)

сплавлений

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/ˈmoʊɫtən/
іменник

heated to a liquid state due to high temperatures

synonymliquefied
synonymliquified
example
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The molten lava flowed down the mountainside during the volcanic eruption.
The molten chocolate was poured over the cake, creating a decadent glaze.
The molten core of the Earth is believed to be responsible for the planet's magnetic field.
radical
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(хімічний радикал)

(хімічний радикал)

радикал

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/ˈɹædəkəɫ/, /ˈɹædɪkəɫ/
іменник

a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit within a molecule

synonymchemical group
synonymgroup
example
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Organic radicals are often involved in the processes of polymerization and combustion.
phase
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(стан)

(стан)

фаза

flag
/ˈfeɪz/
іменник

a phase is a distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties, separated from other forms by boundaries

synonymform
example
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Scientists observed the liquid crystal phase under the microscope.
The oil and vinegar in the salad dressing remained in separate phases.
Ice, water, and steam are the three phases of H2O.
calcification
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(кальцифікація)

(кальцифікація)

кальцифікація

flag
/kˌælsɪfɪkˈeɪʃən/
іменник

the process where calcium or calcium salts accumulate in a tissue, making it hard and rigid

example
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Doctors observed calcification in the patient's lungs due to long-term exposure to harmful substances.
Calcification in the pineal gland has been linked to aging and certain medical conditions.
Marine biologists study calcification in corals to understand the effects of ocean acidification.
fermentation
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ферментація

ферментація

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/ˌfɝmənˈteɪʃən/
іменник

the process by which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into alcohol, acids, or gases

synonymferment
synonymfermenting
synonymzymolysis
synonymzymosis
example
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In the production of yogurt, fermentation of milk by specific strains of bacteria results in the formation of lactic acid, thickening the yogurt and giving it a tangy taste.
Sauerkraut is made through the fermentation of cabbage, where beneficial bacteria convert sugars into lactic acid, giving the dish its distinctive tangy flavor.
Beer is brewed through the fermentation of malted grains, where yeast converts the sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide, resulting in the beverage's characteristic flavor and effervescence.
What is "fermentation"?

Fermentation is a natural metabolic process that converts sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol, often with the help of microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria. In the context of food and beverages, fermentation is commonly used to produce a wide variety of products, including bread, cheese, yogurt, beer, wine, and sauerkraut, among others. During fermentation, microorganisms break down the sugars present in the starting material, releasing energy and producing byproducts such as carbon dioxide, alcohol, or lactic acid. These byproducts often contribute to the flavor, texture, and preservation of the final product. Fermentation can occur spontaneously in some cases, but it is often carefully controlled and monitored in food production to achieve consistent results and ensure food safety.

to detoxify
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(нейтралізувати шкідливі речовини)

(нейтралізувати шкідливі речовини)

детоксифікувати

flag
/dɪˈtɑksəˌfaɪ/
іменник

to eliminate or neutralize harmful substances

synonymdetoxicate
example
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The liver continuously detoxifies the body by eliminating harmful substances.
Environmental initiatives aim to detoxify polluted water sources for the well-being of aquatic ecosystems.
After exposure to a toxic substance, the medical team worked to detoxify the patient through treatments.

Граматична Інформація:

Перехідний
to assay
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(досліджувати)

(досліджувати)

аналізувати

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/ˈæsi/
іменник

to analyze or test a substance, typically in a laboratory setting, to determine its components or qualities

example
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The chemist will assay the water sample for contaminants.
The laboratory will assay the purity of the gold before purchase.
Miners assay ore samples to determine mineral content.
crystallographer
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кристалограф

кристалограф

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/ˌkɹɪstəˈɫɑɡɹəfɝ/
іменник

a scientist who studies the structure and properties of crystals

example
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Crystallographers play a crucial role in developing new pharmaceuticals.
As a crystallographer, she discovered a new form of quartz.
His work as a crystallographer revealed the detailed arrangement of atoms in the crystal.
cosmochemist
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космохімік

космохімік

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/kˈɑːzməkˌɛmɪst/
іменник

a scientist who studies the chemical composition and processes of celestial bodies to understand the formation and evolution of the universe

chromatography
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хроматографія

хроматографія

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/kɹoʊməˈtɑɡɹəfi/
іменник

a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase

example
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The scientist used chromatography to separate the pigments in a leaf extract.
Liquid chromatography is essential for purifying proteins in biochemical research.
Forensic scientists use chromatography to identify substances found at crime scenes.
beta decay
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(бета-розпад)

(бета-розпад)

бета-радіація

flag
/bˈeɪɾə dᵻkˈeɪ/
іменник

a type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) to transform a neutron into a proton or vice versa

example
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Beta decay plays a crucial role in the decay chain of many radioactive isotopes.
Scientists use beta decay to date organic materials through radiocarbon dating.
Strontium-90 undergoes beta decay to become yttrium-90.
uncharged
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(нейтральний)

(нейтральний)

незапам'ятаний

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/ʌntʃˈɑːɹdʒd/
іменник

not having an electrical charge

antonymcharged
example
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Non-polar molecules like methane are uncharged because the distribution of electrons is symmetrical.
Water molecules are uncharged, consisting of neutral oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
Carbon dioxide becomes uncharged when it loses or gains electrons to become electrically neutral.
titration
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(дозування)

(дозування)

титрація

flag
/tɪtɹˈeɪʃən/
іменник

a laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by gradually adding a reagent of known concentration until a reaction is completed

example
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Accurate titration requires precise measurements and careful observation of the color change.
In the chemistry lab, we used titration to find the concentration of acetic acid in vinegar.
Titration can determine the unknown concentration of a solute by using a standard solution of known concentration.
equilibrium
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(хімічна рівновага)

(хімічна рівновага)

динамічна рівновага

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/ˌikwəˈɫɪbɹiəm/
іменник

a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products

synonymchemical equilibrium
example
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In a dynamic equilibrium, the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction.
The solubility equilibrium of a sparingly soluble salt occurs when the rate of dissolution equals the rate of precipitation.
When water reaches equilibrium with its vapor phase, it condenses at the same rate it evaporates.
condenser
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(прилад конденсації)

(прилад конденсації)

конденсатор

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/kənˈdɛnsɝ/
іменник

a device that turns vapor into liquid by cooling it

example
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The laboratory setup featured a condenser to collect purified solvent from the distillation process.
The distillation setup included a condenser to collect liquid from the vapor.
The distiller attached a condenser to the pot still to separate alcohol vapor from the mash.
van der waal's forces
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(взаємодії Ван дер Ваальса)

(взаємодії Ван дер Ваальса)

сили Ван дер Ваальса

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/vˈændɜː wˈɑːlz fˈoːɹsᵻz/
іменник

weak attractive forces between molecules or atoms, arising from temporary or induced dipoles

metallurgist
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металург

металург

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/mɛtˈælɚdʒˌɪst/
іменник

a scientist or engineer who specializes in the study and production of metals and alloys, including their properties, processing methods, and applications

synonymmetallurgical engineer
example
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The conference brought together metallurgists from around the world to discuss advancements in metallurgical research and technology.
The metallurgist conducted experiments to determine the optimal alloy composition for the new aerospace material.
The company hired a skilled metallurgist to troubleshoot problems with the steel production process.
adsorption
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(адгезія)

(адгезія)

адсорбція

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/ədˈsɔɹpʃən/
іменник

the process by which molecules of a substance adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid, forming a thin film or layer

synonymsurface assimilation
example
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Adsorption refrigeration systems use the principle of adsorption to cool spaces without traditional compressors.
Adsorption refrigeration systems use the principle of adsorption to cool spaces without traditional compressors.
The adsorption of gases onto metal surfaces is a critical step in catalytic converters used in automobiles.
biodiesel
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(біодизель)

(біодизель)

брасил

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/bˌaɪoʊdˈiːzəl/
іменник

a renewable, alternative fuel made from organic materials such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease

electrolysis
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електроліз

електроліз

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/ɪˌɫɛkˈtɹɑɫəsəs/
іменник

(chemistry) the process of separating a liquid or solution into its parts by passing electricity through it

example
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Researchers are exploring the potential of electrolysis as a sustainable method for generating hydrogen fuel from water.
By subjecting saltwater to electrolysis, we can produce chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide, which have various industrial applications.
In the field of chemistry, electrolysis is commonly used to extract reactive metals from their ores, such as aluminum from bauxite.
to suspend
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(диспергувати)

(диспергувати)

підвішувати

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/səˈspɛnd/
іменник

to disperse fine particles throughout a fluid so they remain evenly distributed without settling

example
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The scientist used a stirring mechanism to suspend the particles in the solution.
The lab technician needed to suspend the cells in the nutrient broth for the experiment.
To accurately measure the sample, the chemist ensured the solids were properly suspended in the liquid.

Граматична Інформація:

Перехідний
eutectic
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евтектичний

евтектичний

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/juːtˈɛktɪk/
іменник

a specific composition of a mixture of substances, typically metals or alloys, where the melting point is at its lowest possible temperature under atmospheric pressure

to dilute
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(зменшити)

(зменшити)

розбавити

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/daɪˈɫut/, /dɪˈɫut/
іменник

to make a solution or mixture weaker or less concentrated by adding more liquid

synonymcut
synonymreduce
synonymthin
synonymthin out
example
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She diluted the essential oil with a carrier oil for a milder scent.
The chef is diluting the sauce to achieve the desired consistency.
By the end of the experiment, the chemical reaction will have diluted the concentrated solution.

Граматична Інформація:

Перехідний
to dilute
pattern

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Ви вивчили 51 слів з ACT Chemistry Vocabulary. Для поліпшення навчання та повторення слова почніть вправлятися!

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