Oral candidiasis, commonly known as thrush, is a fungal infection that affects the mouth and throat. It is caused by an overgrowth of Candida fungus which is naturally present in the mouth but can grow excessively under certain conditions. Oral candidiasis can show up as creamy white patches on the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, throat, or roof of the mouth. These patches may be painful or cause discomfort, especially when eating or swallowing. Risk factors for oral candidiasis include a weakened immune system, certain medications, such as antibiotics, diabetes, dry mouth, and poor oral hygiene. Treatment typically involves antifungal medications, such as oral rinses or tablets, to eliminate the fungus. Good oral hygiene practices, including regular brushing and flossing, may also help prevent oral candidiasis.

What is "oral candidiasis"?

oral candidiasis

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Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a digestive disorder where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, which is the swallowing tube, causing irritation and inflammation. This can lead to symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, food or sour liquid coming back up the esophagus, difficulty swallowing, and coughing. GERD occurs when the muscle that acts like a door between the esophagus and the stomach weakens or relaxes inappropriately. Factors that can contribute to GERD include obesity, pregnancy, smoking, and certain medications. Treatment usually involves lifestyle changes such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and maintaining a healthy weight, as well as medications that reduce stomach acid production or help strengthen the weakened or relaxed muscle. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to correct the underlying issue.

What is "gastro-oesophageal reflux disease"?

gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

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Achalasia is a rare disorder that affects the ability of the esophagus, which is the swallowing tube, to move food down to the stomach. It happens when the muscles of the esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which acts like a door between the esophagus and the stomach, do not relax properly. This leads to difficulty swallowing and the feeling of food sticking in the throat or chest. Symptoms of achalasia may include trouble swallowing solids and liquids, undigested food coming back up the esophagus, chest pain or discomfort, and weight loss. The exact cause of achalasia is unknown, but it may involve damage to the nerves in the esophagus. Treatment options include medications to relax the LES, widening the esophagus using a medical tool, and surgery to help open the LES.

What is "achalasia"?

achalasia

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Esophageal rupture is a serious medical condition where there is a tear or hole in the wall of the esophagus, which is the swallowing tube. This can occur due to injuries such as forceful vomiting, swallowing a large object, or chest injury. Esophageal rupture can also happen spontaneously, especially when the esophagus has weakened tissues or the person has underlying conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Symptoms may include severe chest or upper abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, pain when swallowing, vomiting blood, and difficulty breathing. Esophageal rupture is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment. Treatment typically involves surgery to repair the tear and antibiotics to prevent infection. In some cases, a temporary feeding tube may be placed to allow the esophagus to heal.

What is "esophageal rupture"?

esophageal rupture

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Gastritis is a common condition characterized by inflammation of the lining of the stomach. It can be caused by various factors, including infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, excessive alcohol consumption, long-term use of pain-relieving drugs like aspirin or ibuprofen, stress, and autoimmune diseases. Symptoms of gastritis may include abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, bloating, and loss of appetite. In some cases, gastritis may cause bleeding in the stomach lining, leading to blood in the vomit or stools. Treatment for gastritis depends on the underlying cause but may include medications to reduce stomach acid, antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection, avoiding irritants such as alcohol and pain-relieving drugs, and making dietary and lifestyle changes to promote healing of the stomach lining.

Wha is "gastritis"?

gastritis

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Peptic ulcer disease is a condition characterized by painful wounds in the lining of the stomach or the upper part of the small intestine, known as the duodenum. These wounds can be caused by factors such as infection with Helicobacter pylori bacteria, long-term use of certain medications like pain-relieving drugs, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking. Symptoms of peptic ulcer disease may include abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, feeling full quickly after eating, heartburn, nausea, vomiting, and unintentional weight loss. Treatment for peptic ulcer disease typically involves medications to reduce stomach acid production, antibiotics to treat H. pylori infection if present, and lifestyle changes such as avoiding irritants like pain-relieving drugs and alcohol. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary to repair the wound or remove the affected part of the stomach or small intestine.

What is "peptic ulcer disease"?

peptic ulcer disease

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Autoimmune gastritis is a condition where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the cells in the lining of the stomach, leading to inflammation and damage. This can result in reduced production of stomach acid and a substance important for absorbing vitamin B12, which is needed for the production of healthy red blood cells. Symptoms may include stomach discomfort, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue. Over time, autoimmune gastritis can lead to problems like low red blood cell count and a lack of certain nutrients in the body. Treatment usually involves managing symptoms and addressing any vitamin B12 shortage through supplements and changes to the diet. In some cases, medications to reduce inflammation or suppress the immune system may be used. Regular check-ups with a healthcare provider are important to prevent problems and manage the condition properly.

What is "autoimmune gastritis"?

autoimmune gastritis

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Appendicitis is a condition where the appendix, a small pouch located in the lower right abdomen, becomes swollen and irritated. This swelling can happen because something is blocking it, like hardened stool or infection. Symptoms of appendicitis typically include abdominal pain that starts around the belly button and then moves to the lower right side, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and fever. The pain may worsen with movement, coughing, or sneezing. If left untreated, appendicitis can lead to complications such as a burst appendix, which can be life-threatening. Treatment usually involves surgery to remove the swollen appendix, known as an appendectomy. In some cases, antibiotics may be given before surgery to reduce the risk of infection. Quick medical attention is crucial to prevent complications and ensure a full recovery.

What is "appendicitis"?

appendicitis

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Food poisoning is an illness that happens when you eat food contaminated with harmful bacteria, viruses, parasites, or toxins. It can cause symptoms such as stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever. The symptoms can start soon after eating contaminated food or may take several hours or days to appear, depending on the type of germ involved. Most cases of food poisoning are mild and resolve on their own within a few days with rest and drinking plenty of fluids to stay hydrated. However, in severe cases, medical attention may be needed to prevent dehydration or complications.

What is "food poisoning"?

food poisoning

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Cholera is a bacterial infection that causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. It spreads through contaminated water or food, especially in places with poor hygiene. Cholera bacteria release a toxin that makes the intestines release lots of water, leading to watery diarrhea, vomiting, and fast loss of fluids and important minerals. Without quick treatment, severe dehydration can happen, which can be life-threatening. Treatment usually involves drinking special drinks with salt and sugar, called oral rehydration solution (ORS), or, in serious cases, getting fluids directly into a vein. Antibiotics may also be used to shorten the duration of symptoms and reduce the spread of the disease. Prevention of cholera involves improving hygiene, ensuring access to clean water, and vaccination in high-risk areas.

What is "cholera"?

cholera

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Amoebic dysentery is an infection caused by a parasite called Entamoeba histolytica. It spreads through contaminated food or water, particularly in areas with poor hygiene. Symptoms of amoebic dysentery may include severe diarrhea with blood or mucus, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever. In some cases, the infection can spread to other parts of the body, such as the liver, causing more serious complications. Treatment for amoebic dysentery usually involves antibiotics to kill the parasite and medications to relieve symptoms such as diarrhea and pain. It is important to stay hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids and to avoid spreading the infection to others by practicing good hygiene.

What is "amoebic dysentery"?

amoebic dysentery

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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory condition that mainly affects the digestive system. It can cause inflammation anywhere from the mouth to the anus, but most commonly affects the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine. Symptoms of Crohn's disease can vary widely and may include abdominal pain, diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, and sometimes fever. In addition to digestive symptoms, Crohn's disease can also cause complications such as the narrowing of the intestine, abnormal connections between organs, and nutritional deficiencies. The exact cause of Crohn's disease is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Treatment for Crohn's disease typically involves medications to reduce inflammation, control symptoms, and suppress the immune system. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove damaged portions of the intestine or treat complications.

What is "Crohn's disease"?

Crohn's disease

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Ulcerative colitis is a long-term inflammatory bowel disease that mainly affects the colon and rectum. It causes inflammation and sores in the lining of the large intestine, leading to symptoms such as abdominal pain, often bloody diarrhea, urgency to have bowel movements, rectal bleeding, fatigue, and weight loss. The exact cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and immune system factors. Treatment aims to reduce inflammation and control symptoms. This typically involves medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs and other drugs that help calm down the immune system. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the affected colon and rectum.

What is "ulcerative colitis"?

ulcerative colitis

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A hernia happens when an organ or tissue pushes through a weak spot in the muscle or tissue around it. It can occur in different parts of the body, but the most common ones are inguinal hernias, which is in the lower stomach and hiatal hernias which is in the upper stomach. Symptoms of a hernia may include a visible lump, pain or discomfort, especially when lifting heavy objects or straining, and a feeling of heaviness or pressure in the affected area. Treatment for a hernia usually involves surgery to repair the weakened muscle or tissue and return the organ or tissue to its proper place. In some cases, a hernia may not cause any symptoms and may not require immediate treatment, but it is important to monitor it and consult a healthcare provider if symptoms develop or worsen.

What is a "hernia"?

hernia

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Volvulus is a condition where a part of the intestine twists or rotates around itself, causing a blockage. This can lead to symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Volvulus is a medical emergency and requires immediate treatment to prevent damage to the intestine and other complications. Treatment usually involves surgery to untwist the intestine and restore normal blood flow. In some cases, a portion of the intestine may need to be removed if it has been damaged due to the twisting. Early recognition and quick treatment are essential for the successful management of volvulus.

What is "volvulus"?

volvulus

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Intestinal obstruction is a condition where something blocks the normal flow of food, fluids, or gas through the intestines. This can lead to symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting, constipation, or the inability to pass gas. Intestinal obstruction can be caused by various factors, including scar tissues, tumors, or twisting of the intestine. It is a serious condition that requires medical attention. Treatment may involve fluids given through a tube in the arm and bowel rest, or surgery to remove the blockage and repair any damaged tissue. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent complications such as a hole in the intestine or tissue death.

What is "intestinal obstruction"?

intestinal obstruction

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Malabsorption is a condition where the body has difficulty absorbing nutrients from food properly. This can lead to deficiencies in essential vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients, which are needed for overall health and wellbeing. Symptoms of malabsorption may include diarrhea, bloating, gas, weight loss, fatigue, and weakness. Malabsorption can be caused by various factors, such as digestive disorders like celiac disease or Crohn's disease, certain medications, or surgical procedures that affect the digestive system. Treatment typically involves addressing the underlying cause of malabsorption, along with dietary changes and sometimes supplementation with vitamins or minerals to correct deficiencies. Managing malabsorption may require ongoing medical care and monitoring to ensure optimal nutrient absorption and overall health.

What is "malabsorption"?

malabsorption

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Pancreatitis is a medical condition characterized by inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach that plays a key role in digestion and blood sugar control. The inflammation can cause various symptoms, including severe abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and rapid pulse. Pancreatitis can be occur suddenly and last for a short period, or it can persist over time and lead to permanent damage to the pancreas. Common causes of pancreatitis include excessive alcohol consumption, certain medications, infections, and genetic factors. Treatment for pancreatitis typically involves hospitalization to manage symptoms, fasting to allow the pancreas to rest, fluids given through a vein to prevent dehydration, and pain management. In severe cases, surgery may be necessary. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent serious problems such as pancreatic failure or death.

What is "pancreatitis"?

pancreatitis

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Ascending cholangitis is a serious infection of the bile ducts, which are tubes that carry bile from the liver to the gallbladder and intestines. It usually occurs due to a blockage in the bile ducts. Symptoms of ascending cholangitis include fever, chills, abdominal pain, jaundice, which is the yellowing of the skin and eyes, nausea, and vomiting. Quick medical attention is necessary to treat ascending cholangitis, typically with antibiotics to fight the infection and procedures to remove the blockage in the bile ducts. Without treatment, ascending cholangitis can lead to serious complications such as liver damage or even death.

What is "ascending cholangitis"?

ascending cholangitis

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Cholelithiasis, commonly known as gallstones, is a condition where solid particles form in the gallbladder, which is a small organ located under the liver. These particles can vary in size and number, and they may cause symptoms such as abdominal pain, particularly after eating fatty foods, bloating, nausea, vomiting, and jaundice, which is the yellowing of the skin and eyes. Treatment options for cholelithiasis depend on the severity of symptoms and may include dietary changes, medications to dissolve the stones, or surgery to remove the gallbladder. Gallstones can sometimes cause complications such as inflammation of the gallbladder or blockage of the bile ducts, which may require immediate medical attention.

What is "cholelithiasis"?

cholelithiasis

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Impaction, also known as fecal impaction or an impacted bowel, refers to a condition where stool becomes stuck and hardened in the intestines, causing a blockage. This can happen due to factors such as constipation, dehydration, or certain medications. Symptoms of intestinal impaction may include abdominal pain, bloating, difficulty passing stool, or the inability to have a bowel movement. Treatment for intestinal impaction typically involves actions to soften the stool, such as using laxatives or enemas, to help relieve the blockage and restore normal bowel function. In severe cases, medical procedures may be necessary to remove the impacted stool manually. Quick treatment is important to prevent complications such as a tear in the bowel or infection.

What is "impaction"?

impaction

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Jaundice is a condition where the skin and the whites of the eyes turn yellow. This happens because of a build-up of bilirubin, a yellow pigment that is made when red blood cells break down. Jaundice can be caused by various conditions, such as liver disease, bile duct blockage, or hemolysis, which is the rapid breakdown of red blood cells. Symptoms may include yellowing of the skin and eyes, dark urine, pale stools, and itching. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve medications, surgery, or other medical procedures to address the issue.

What is "jaundice"?

jaundice

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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common digestive disorder that affects the large intestine. It causes symptoms like stomach pain, bloating, gas, diarrhea, and constipation. The exact cause of IBS is not known, but it may be related to problems with how the brain and gut interact, muscle contractions in the intestine, or infections. Stress, certain foods, and hormonal changes can trigger or worsen symptoms. While there is no cure for IBS, treatments include dietary changes, stress management, and medications to help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

What is "irritable bowel syndrome"?

irritable bowel syndrome

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Dysentery is an infection of the intestines that causes severe diarrhea with blood and mucus. It is often accompanied by stomach pain, fever, and a feeling of needing to pass stools even when the bowels are empty. Dysentery is typically caused by bacteria or parasites found in contaminated food or water. Good hygiene and clean drinking water are essential to prevent the spread of dysentery. Treatment usually involves staying hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, and in some cases, antibiotics or antiparasitic medications are needed to fight the infection.

What is "dysentery"?

dysentery

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Dyspepsia, also known as indigestion, is a term that describes discomfort or pain in the upper abdomen. Common symptoms include bloating, burping, nausea, and a feeling of fullness or burning in the stomach. Dyspepsia can be caused by overeating, eating too quickly, consuming fatty or spicy foods, stress, or certain medications. It can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Treatment often involves dietary changes, such as avoiding trigger foods, eating smaller meals, and reducing stress. Over-the-counter heartburn medicines or other medications may also help relieve symptoms.

What is "dyspepsia"?

dyspepsia

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Constipation is a common digestive problem where a person has few bowel movements or difficulty passing stool. Symptoms include having fewer than three bowel movements a week, hard or dry stools, and pushing hard to have a bowel movement. Causes of constipation can include a lack of fiber in the diet, not drinking enough water, lack of physical activity, certain medications, and ignoring the urge to have a bowel movement. Treatment typically involves increasing fiber and water intake, exercising regularly, and sometimes using over-the-counter medicines that help in passing stool.

What is "constipation"?

constipation

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Hookworm disease is a type of parasitic infection caused by hookworms, which are tiny worms that live in the intestines. People can get infected by walking barefoot on soil contaminated with hookworm baby worms, which can enter the skin. Symptoms of hookworm disease may include itching and a rash at the spot where the baby worms entered the skin, as well as abdominal pain, diarrhea, weight loss, and fatigue. Severe infections can lead to anemia, which is low blood count, due to blood loss. Treatment involves taking medication to kill the worms and improving nutrition to address any deficiencies caused by the infection.

What is "hookworm disease"?

hookworm disease

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Enteritis is a term used to describe inflammation of the small intestine. It often causes symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, and sometimes vomiting. Enteritis can be caused by various factors, including infections, certain medications, food allergies or intolerances, or inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease. Treatment typically involves resting the digestive system by avoiding solid foods for a period of time, staying hydrated with clear fluids, and sometimes taking medications to relieve symptoms or treat the underlying cause. In severe cases, hospitalization and fluids given through a vein may be necessary to prevent dehydration.

What is "enteritis"?

enteritis

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Gastroenteritis, often called stomach flu or stomach bug, is a common condition characterized by inflammation of the stomach and intestines. It typically causes symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and sometimes fever. Gastroenteritis is usually caused by viruses but it can also be due to bacterial or parasitic infections, or even contaminated food or water. Treatment focuses on staying hydrated by drinking clear fluids, resting the digestive system by avoiding solid foods for a period of time, and in some cases, taking medications to relieve symptoms like nausea or diarrhea. Most cases of gastroenteritis resolve on their own within a few days with proper rest and hydration.

What is "gastroenteritis"?

gastroenteritis

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Diarrhea is a common condition where a person passes loose or watery stools more frequently than usual. It can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, food poisoning, dietary changes, medications, or underlying medical conditions like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Symptoms of diarrhea may include frequent bowel movements, abdominal cramps, bloating, nausea, and sometimes fever. Treatment typically involves staying hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids, consuming bland foods, and avoiding foods and drinks that can worsen diarrhea, such as caffeine and dairy products. In some cases, over-the-counter medications may help ease symptoms. However, if diarrhea persists for more than a few days, or is accompanied by severe symptoms like dehydration, blood in the stool, or high fever, it is important to seek medical attention.

What is "diarrhea"?

diarrhea

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Biliary colic is a term used to describe episodes of intense abdominal pain caused by gallstones blocking the bile ducts. This pain typically occurs in the upper right or middle abdomen and can last for a few hours. It may be triggered by eating fatty foods. Treatment for biliary colic often involves managing symptoms with pain relief medications and making dietary changes to avoid foods that trigger pain. In some cases, surgery to remove the gallbladder may be recommended to prevent future episodes of biliary colic.

What is "biliary colic"?

biliary colic

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Here you will learn some English words related to gastrointestinal diseases and problems such as "volvulus", "pancreatitis", and "constipation".

"معدے اور آنتوں کی بیماریاں اور مسائل" کے لیے انگریزی الفاظ