A biopsy is a medical procedure where a small sample of tissue is taken from the body to be examined under a microscope. This is done to diagnose diseases, such as cancer, or to evaluate the seriousness of a condition. The tissue sample can be taken from almost any part of the body using a needle, endoscope, or during surgery. Biopsies help doctors understand the cause of symptoms, decide on the best treatment plan, and check the effectiveness of the treatment. Depending on the area being examined, the procedure might be quick and simple, or it may require more preparation and recovery time.

What is a "biopsy"?

biopsy

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A blood test is a medical procedure where a small sample of blood is taken from the body to be analyzed in a lab. It helps doctors check for various health conditions, measure how well organs like the liver and kidneys are working, and see if treatments are effective. Blood tests can identify infections, monitor chronic diseases, and check for substances like glucose, cholesterol, and hormones. The sample is usually taken from a vein in the arm using a needle, and the procedure is quick and rather painless.

What is a "blood test"?

blood test

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A computed tomography scan, or CT scan, is a medical imaging test that uses X-rays to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body. It takes multiple X-ray images from different angles and combines them to produce a clear view of organs, bones, and tissues. CT scans are often used to diagnose and monitor various conditions, such as injuries, tumors, or infections. The test is quick and typically involves lying still on a table while the scanner moves around you.

What is a "computed tomography scan"?

CT scan

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Diagnosis is the process of identifying a disease or condition based on a patient's symptoms, medical history, and test results. It involves examining signs and symptoms and using various tests, such as blood tests, imaging scans, or physical examinations, to understand what is causing the problem. A correct diagnosis helps doctors decide on the best treatment plan and manage the patient’s health effectively.

What is "diagnosis"?

diagnosis

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An echocardiogram is an image or recording of the heart created using sound waves. This image is produced during an echocardiography procedure, where a device called a transducer sends sound waves through the chest. The sound waves bounce off the heart and are used to create detailed pictures that show how the heart is beating, how well it is pumping blood, and how the heart valves are functioning. An echocardiogram helps doctors diagnose and monitor various heart conditions.

What is an "echocardiogram"?

echocardiogram

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An echocardiography is a medical test that uses sound waves to create detailed images of the heart's structures, including the valves and chambers. By using a device called a transducer placed on the chest, it sends sound waves that bounce off the heart and are turned into moving pictures. These images help doctors see how the heart is working, including how well it pumps blood and how the heart valves are functioning. Echocardiography is often used to diagnose and monitor heart conditions, such as heart disease or valve problems. The test does not involve any surgery or needles and usually takes about 30 to 60 minutes.

What is an "echocardiography"?

echocardiography

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examination

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A health check is a regular examination performed to evaluate a person's overall health. It often includes measuring vital signs like blood pressure and heart rate, evaluating general well-being, and performing tests to identify any potential health issues. Health checks help detect problems early and ensure that individuals stay healthy or manage existing conditions effectively.

What is a "health check"?

health check

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A medical is a thorough examination of a person’s health. It involves checking vital signs, reviewing medical history, and performing various tests to evaluate overall health and identify any potential issues. This complete evaluation helps in diagnosing conditions, planning treatments, and maintaining good health.

What is a "medical"?

medical

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A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed pictures of the inside of the body. Unlike X-rays, MRI does not use harmful rays or radiation. During the test, the patient lies on a table that slides into a large, tube-shaped machine. The machine creates images of organs, tissues, and structures, allowing doctors to see and evaluate areas such as the brain, spine, and joints. An MRI is often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like injuries, tumors, or diseases of the organs and soft tissues.

What is a "magnetic resonance imaging"?

magnetic resonance imaging

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A prognosis is a professional prediction about how a disease or medical condition is likely to progress and what the outcome might be. It is based on a patient’s current health, medical history, and test results. A prognosis helps guess how well a patient might recover, the potential for complications, and the overall future of their health.

What is a "prognosis"?

prognosis

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sample

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A scan is a test that uses technology to create images of the inside of the body. It helps doctors see and evaluate organs, tissues, and structures to diagnose and monitor health conditions. Different types of scans include CT scans, MRI scans, and ultrasound scans, each using different methods to produce images. The results from a scan can provide important information for diagnosing illnesses, planning treatments, and evaluating the effectiveness of ongoing treatments.

What is a "scan"?

scan

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A screen refers to a test or examination used to identify a disease or condition in individuals who do not have symptoms. Screens are often used to identify health issues early, before symptoms appear, allowing for earlier action and treatment. Examples of medical screens include mammograms for breast cancer and blood tests for high cholesterol. The goal of a screen is to identify potential health problems at an early stage when they are more likely to be treated successfully.

What is a "screen"?

screen

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A colonoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the inside of the colon, which is the large intestine, and rectum. During the procedure, a long, flexible tube with a camera on the end, called a colonoscope, is gently inserted through the rectum and into the colon. The camera allows doctors to view and take pictures of the colon's lining on a monitor. Colonoscopies are commonly used to check for signs of conditions such as colorectal cancer, polyps, or inflammation. They are also used to investigate symptoms like abdominal pain, bleeding, or changes in bowel habits. The procedure can help diagnose issues early and guide treatment decisions.

What is a "colonoscopy"?

colonoscopy

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An amylase test is a medical test used to measure the level of amylase, an enzyme, in the blood or urine. Amylase helps break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars during digestion. This test is often used to diagnose or monitor conditions related to the pancreas, such as pancreatitis, which is the inflammation of the pancreas, or other digestive issues. High levels of amylase in the blood or urine can indicate that the pancreas is inflamed or not working properly, while normal levels show that these conditions are not present.

What is an "amylase test"?

amylase test

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Elastography is a medical imaging technique that measures how stiff or flexible tissues are. It helps doctors evaluate how soft or hard certain tissues are by using special equipment to identify how they change under pressure or stress. This technique is often used to evaluate liver stiffness, which can indicate liver disease, or to examine other organs and tissues for conditions like tumors or fibrosis. By measuring tissue stiffness, elastography provides valuable information that helps in diagnosing and monitoring various health issues.

What is "elastography"?

elastography

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A colposcopy is a medical procedure used to examine the cervix, vagina, and vulva for signs of disease. During the procedure, a special tool called a colposcope, which has a light and magnifying lens, is inserted into the vagina to provide a detailed view of these areas. The colposcope does not enter the body but stays outside, while the doctor looks through it to identify any abnormal areas. This test is often used to check abnormal Pap smear results or symptoms like unusual bleeding or discharge. It helps in diagnosing conditions like cervical dysplasia or cancer, and may involve taking small tissue samples for further testing.

What is a "colposcopy"?

colposcopy

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specimen

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stool

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test

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An ultrasound is a medical imaging technique that uses extremely fast sound waves to create pictures of the inside of the body. During the procedure, a device called a transducer is placed on the skin, which sends sound waves into the body. These sound waves bounce off tissues and organs, and the echoes are used to create images on a screen. Ultrasounds are commonly used to view organs, monitor the development of a fetus during pregnancy, and evaluate blood flow. It is a safe test that does not involve any surgery or needles, used to help diagnose and monitor various health conditions.

What is an "ultrasound"?

ultrasound

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An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a recording that shows the electrical activity of the heart. It is produced during an electrocardiography test, where small sensors called electrodes are placed on the skin of the chest, arms, and legs. These electrodes pick up the heart’s electrical signals and create a visual representation of the heart's rhythm and activity. The ECG recording helps doctors diagnose heart conditions, such as arrhythmias and heart attacks, by revealing any irregularities in the heart’s electrical patterns. The test is quick, does not involve any surgery or needles, and provides valuable information about heart health.

What is an "electrocardiogram"?

electrocardiogram

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An X-ray is an image created using a type of radiation that passes through the body to produce pictures of the internal structures. During the X-ray procedure, a small amount of radiation is directed at the area being examined, and a device on the other side captures the radiation that passes through, creating a detailed image. X-rays are commonly used to examine bones, detect fractures, and identify issues in organs or tissues. The images help doctors diagnose conditions, monitor progress, and plan treatments.

What is an "X-ray"?

X-ray

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Electromyography (EMG) is a test that measures the electrical activity in muscles and nerves. During the test, small sensors called electrodes are placed on the skin or inserted into the muscle. These electrodes identify electrical signals produced by muscle activity, which are then recorded and displayed on a screen or printed on paper. EMG is used to diagnose muscle and nerve disorders, such as muscle weakness or nerve damage, by showing how well the muscles and nerves are working.

What is "electromyography"?

electromyography

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Fluoroscopy is a medical imaging technique that uses X-rays to create continuous video images of the inside of the body. During the procedure, a special X-ray machine takes ongoing X-ray images while a special dye is used to make certain areas more visible. These images are shown on a monitor, allowing doctors to see and check the movement and function of organs, bones, and other structures as they happen. Fluoroscopy is commonly used for examining the digestive system, helping certain medical procedures, and evaluating joint and bone issues.

What is "fluoroscopy"?

fluoroscopy

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Hysteroscopy is a medical procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube with a camera, called a hysteroscope, to look inside the uterus. The hysteroscope is inserted through the vagina and cervix into the uterus. This allows doctors to examine the inside of the uterus to diagnose and treat various conditions, such as abnormal bleeding, polyps, or fibroids. The procedure can also be used to take tissue samples or remove abnormal growths. Hysteroscopy is often done in a hospital or clinic setting and helps doctors get a clear view of the lining of the uterus and decide on the best treatment.

What is "hysteroscopy"?

hysteroscopy

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Myelography is a medical imaging procedure that uses a special dye and X-rays to look at the spinal cord and the surrounding structures. During this test, a contrast dye is injected into the space around the spinal cord, often through a needle inserted into the lower back. This dye makes the spinal cord and nerves show up clearly on X-ray images. The contrast dye used in myelography is generally safe, though it may cause some temporary discomfort or mild reactions in a small number of people. Myelography helps doctors diagnose problems such as herniated discs, spinal tumors, or narrowing of the spinal canal by providing detailed pictures of the spine.

What is "myelography"?

myelography

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a lab technique used to make many copies of a specific part of DNA. It involves mixing a small sample of DNA with special chemicals and enzymes. These enzymes help copy the DNA by repeatedly heating and cooling the mixture. PCR makes it possible to turn a small amount of DNA into a large amount that can be tested. This technique is widely used in medical tests, research, and forensic science to identify infections, study genetic information, and analyze DNA sequences.

What is "polymerase chain reaction"?

polymerase chain reaction

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A pregnancy test is a simple test used to determine if a woman is pregnant. It works by detecting the presence of a hormone called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine or blood, which is produced during pregnancy. Pregnancy tests can be done at home with a kit or at a medical setting. Home tests usually involve placing a sample of urine on a test strip or stick, which changes color if hCG is identified. Blood tests, performed by healthcare professionals, are more precise and can identify pregnancy earlier.

What is a "pregnancy test"?

pregnancy test

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Videonystagmography (VNG) is a diagnostic test used to evaluate how well the inner ear and brain are working together to control eye movements and balance. During the test, a small camera or video goggles are worn by the patient to record eye movements in response to various triggers, such as changes in head position, temperature, or visual patterns. VNG helps diagnose conditions that affect balance and dizziness, such as vestibular disorders, Meniere's disease, or vertigo, by analyzing how the eyes move and respond to these triggers.

What is "videonystagmography"?

videonystagmography

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A vision screening is a quick test used to check how well a person can see. It helps identify potential vision problems, such as nearsightedness or farsightedness, before symptoms are noticeable. Vision screenings are commonly done in schools, clinics, or doctor's offices and typically involve simple tasks like reading letters or looking at shapes. If a problem is detected, further tests by an eye specialist may be needed.

What is a "vision screening"?

vision screening

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A physical examination is a thorough check-up by a healthcare provider to evaluate a person's overall health. During this exam, the provider looks at, feels, and listens to different parts of the body, such as the heart, lungs, and abdomen, to check for any signs of health issues. The exam may also include measuring vital signs like blood pressure, heart rate, and temperature. Physical examinations help identify health problems early and guide treatment or more tests if needed.

What is a "physical examination"?

physical examination

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positive

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negative

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A cardiac stress test is a procedure used to see how well the heart works during physical activity. During the test, a person exercises, usually on a treadmill or bike, while their heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing are monitored. The test can help doctors find out if the heart is getting enough blood during exercise, which can reveal problems like blocked arteries or heart disease. The test is often used to evaluate symptoms such as chest pain or to check the heart's health after a heart attack or surgery.

What is a "cardiac stress test"?

cardiac stress test

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A stool test is a medical test that examines a sample of stool, which is the solid waste produced by the digestive system, to help diagnose various health conditions. The sample is usually collected at home and then sent to a lab. Stool tests can help identify issues such as infections, digestive disorders, or signs of diseases like colorectal cancer. The test checks for things like blood, bacteria, or other substances that might indicate a problem in the digestive system.

What is a "stool test"?

stool test

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Electroencephalography (EEG) is a test that records the electrical activity of the brain. Small sensors called electrodes are placed on the scalp to identify and measure the brain's electrical signals. These signals are then displayed on a computer screen or printed. EEG is commonly used to diagnose and monitor brain disorders, such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, and other conditions that affect brain function. The test does not involve any surgery or needles and helps doctors understand how the brain is working.

What is "electroencephalography"?

electroencephalography

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An autopsy is a medical procedure performed after death to examine a body and identify the cause of death. During the autopsy, a specialized doctor carefully examines the organs and tissues of the person who has passed away. This examination may include looking at body tissues under a microscope and analyzing fluids. Autopsies help to confirm diagnoses, understand disease progression, and identify any underlying conditions that helped cause the person's death. These procedures can be essential for medical, legal, or family reasons, such as resolving questions about the cause of death.

What is an "autopsy"?

autopsy

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A mammogram is an X-ray image of the breasts used to check for signs of breast cancer or other abnormalities. During the test, the breast is gently pressed between two plates to flatten it, and then X-ray pictures are taken. Mammograms help identify breast cancer early, often before any symptoms appear, which can make treatment more effective. They are commonly used for routine breast cancer screening in women.

What is a "mammogram"?

mammogram

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Mammography is a type of X-ray imaging test used specifically to examine the breasts. It helps in identifying breast cancer or other abnormalities by taking detailed images of the breast tissue. During the procedure, the breast is gently pressed between two flat plates to spread out the tissue, allowing for clearer images. Mammography is typically used for regular check-ups or to examine any unusual changes or symptoms in the breast.

What is "mammography"?

mammography

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A positron emission tomography scan (PET scan) is an imaging test that helps doctors see how the organs and tissues in the body are functioning. During the test, a small amount of a radioactive substance is injected into the body. This substance is absorbed by the tissues and sends out tiny particles called positrons. A special camera then identifies these particles and creates detailed images showing how the body's organs and tissues are working. PET scans are often used to diagnose and monitor conditions like cancer, heart disease, and brain disorders.

What is a "positron emission tomography scan"?

PET scan

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Electroneuronography (ENoG) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the facial nerves. Small sensors are placed on the face over these nerves to record electrical signals as they travel through them. This test helps doctors evaluate the health and function of the facial nerves and diagnose conditions like Bell's palsy or facial nerve damage. ENoG does not involve any surgery or needles, and provides valuable information about how well the facial nerves are working.

What is "electroneuronography"?

electroneuronography

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Electronystagmography (ENG) is a test used to measure and record involuntary eye movements, known as nystagmus, to help diagnose balance disorders and problems related to the inner ear. During the test, small sensors called electrodes are placed around the eyes to identify and record these eye movements while the patient follows specific visual triggers or undergoes head movements. ENG helps identify issues with the vestibular system, which controls balance, and can be useful in diagnosing conditions like vertigo or dizziness.

What is "electronystagmography"?

electronystagmography

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Electrooculography (EOG) is a test used to track and measure eye movements by detecting electrical changes around the eyes. It examines how the eyes move in response to visual triggers or in different positions. By placing small sensors called electrodes around the eyes, EOG records these electrical signals produced by eye movements, which are then analyzed to evaluate the function of the eye muscles and the coordination of eye movements. This test helps diagnose issues with eye movement control, such as those caused by neurological conditions or eye disorders.

What is "electrooculography"?

electrooculography

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Electroretinography (ERG) is a test that measures the electrical activity of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. During the test, small sensors called electrodes are placed on the skin around the eyes or on the cornea, the clear, outer layer at the front of the eye, to detect the electrical responses produced by the retina when exposed to light. This helps doctors evaluate the function of the retina and diagnose conditions that affect vision, such as retinal diseases or disorders.

What is "electroretinography"?

electroretinography

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Endoscopy is a medical procedure used to look inside the body using a thin, flexible tube called an endoscope. The endoscope has a small camera and light at the end, which allows doctors to see the inside of organs or spaces on a screen. This procedure is often used to examine areas such as the digestive system, lungs, or urinary system. Endoscopy helps in diagnosing and sometimes treating conditions by allowing doctors to view and often take samples from inside the body without making large cuts.

What is "endoscopy"?

endoscopy

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Endoluminal capsule monitoring is a medical procedure that involves swallowing a small, pill-sized device that has a camera. As the capsule travels through the digestive system, it captures images, which are sent to a receiver worn by the patient. This allows doctors to examine the digestive system without surgical procedures, helping diagnose conditions such as gastrointestinal bleeding, Crohn's disease, or tumors. The capsule eventually exits the body naturally.

What is "endoluminal capsule monitoring"?

endoluminal capsule monitoring

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Gastroscopy is a medical procedure where the inside of the stomach is examined using a thin, flexible tube with a camera, called an endoscope. This tube is passed through the mouth and down the throat into the stomach. Gastroscopy is used to diagnose and treat conditions such as ulcers, inflammation, tumors, and bleeding in the upper digestive system. The procedure allows doctors to see the lining of the throat, stomach, and the beginning of the small intestine.

What is "gastroscopy"?

gastroscopy

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Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure where the back of the throat, the larynx which is known as the voice box, and the vocal cords are examined using a special tool called a laryngoscope. This tool is a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, which is inserted through the mouth or nose. Laryngoscopy is used to diagnose and treat issues such as voice problems, throat pain, difficulty swallowing, and to remove foreign objects or take tissue samples for biopsy. It helps doctors see any abnormalities in the throat and voice box.

What is "laryngoscopy"?

laryngoscopy

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Ophthalmoscopy is a medical test that allows doctors to look at the inside of the eye, including the retina, optic nerve, and blood vessels. This is done using a tool called an ophthalmoscope, which shines a light into the eye and magnifies the view. The test helps to diagnose and monitor eye conditions such as glaucoma, retinal diseases, and other issues affecting vision. By examining these parts of the eye, doctors can also notice signs of systemic health problems like diabetes and high blood pressure.

What is "ophthalmoscopy"?

ophthalmoscopy

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Sigmoidoscopy is a medical procedure used to examine the inside of the lower part of the large intestine, known as the sigmoid colon. During this procedure, a doctor uses a flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, called a sigmoidoscope, which is inserted through the rectum. The tube allows the doctor to see and check for problems such as inflammation, polyps, or tumors in the sigmoid colon and the rectum. Sigmoidoscopy helps diagnose conditions like colorectal cancer or other digestive issues and can be used to take samples for biopsy or remove polyps if needed.

What is "sigmoidoscopy"?

sigmoidoscopy

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Aortography is a medical imaging procedure used to examine the aorta, which is the large artery that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body. During this procedure, a special dye is injected into the blood vessels, usually through a thin tube called catheter, to make the aorta and its branches visible on X-ray images. This helps doctors see and diagnose problems such as blockages, aneurysms, or other abnormalities in the aorta. The images produced can help with treatment decisions or planning surgeries.

What is "aortography"?

aortography

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Cardiac ventriculography is a medical imaging procedure used to examine the heart's ventricles, which are the lower chambers responsible for pumping blood out of the heart. During this procedure, a special dye is injected into the heart through a thin tube called a catheter. This dye helps to make the ventricles visible on X-ray images, allowing doctors to see how well the heart is functioning and to check for issues such as poor blood flow, heart damage, or structural problems. The images obtained from cardiac ventriculography can help in diagnosing heart conditions and planning appropriate treatments.

What is "cardiac ventriculography"?

cardiac ventriculography

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Here you will learn some English words related to examination and diagnosis, such as "ultrasound", "endoscopy", and "biopsy".

"معائنہ اور تشخیص" کے لیے انگریزی الفاظ