Biology

lysosome

Danh từ

/laɪ.soʊ.soʊm/ or /lai.sooo.sooom/

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(tiểu thể phân giải)

lysosome

a small, enzyme-filled sac in a cell that breaks down waste materials and unwanted substances

mitochondrion

Danh từ

/maɪ.tə.kɑnd.riən/ or /mai.tē.kaand.riēn/

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(mitochondria)

ti thể

an organelle that is abundantly present in most cells and is responsible for energy production

chloroplast

Danh từ

/klɔ.rəp.læst/ or /klaw.rēp.lāst/

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(diệp lạp)

lục lạp

a plant cell organelle that uses sunlight to produce energy and make glucose through photosynthesis

cytoplasm

Danh từ

/saɪ.təp.læ.zəm/ or /sai.tēp.lā.zēm/

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(chất tế bào)

tế bào chất

the gel-like, semifluid substance within a cell that surrounds the organelles, providing a medium for cellular activities, including metabolism, transport of substances, and support for cellular structures

cytoplast

Danh từ

/saɪ.təp.læst/ or /sai.tēp.lāst/

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(chất tế bào không có nhân)

tế bào không nhân

a cell that has had its nucleus removed or the cellular material excluding the nucleus

cytoskeleton

Danh từ

/saɪ.təs.kɛ.li.tən/ or /sai.tēs.ke.li.tēn/

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( cấu trúc tế bào)

skeleton tế bào

a network of protein fibers in a cell that gives it shape, supports its structure, and aids in movement

nucleotide

Danh từ

/nuk.liə.taɪd/ or /nook.liē.taid/

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(nuclêôtit)

nucleotide

a molecule that forms the basic building block of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

genome

Danh từ

/ʤi.noʊm/ or /ji.nooom/

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(hệ gen)

genome

the complete set of genetic material of any living thing

polypeptide

Danh từ

/pɑ.li.pɛp.taɪd/ or /paa.li.pep.taid/

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(đại phân peptide)

polypeptide

a linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a primary structure of a protein

organelle

Danh từ

/ɔ:r.gə.nɛl/ or /awr.gē.nel/

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(horganell)

bào quan

a specialized, membrane-bound structure within a cell that performs specific functions, contributing to the cell's overall structure and function

vacuole

Danh từ

/væ.kju:oʊl/ or /vā.kyoooool/

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(tế bào chứa)

vakuole

a cell organelle in plants, fungi, and some protists that stores nutrients, manages waste, and helps maintain cell pressure

centriole

Danh từ

/sɛnt.rɪoʊl/ or /sent.rioool/

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(cặp trung thể)

trung thể

a pair of small cylinders near the nucleus in animal cells, organizing cell division by forming the mitotic spindle

telomere

Danh từ

/tɛ.lə.mir/ or /te.lē.mir/

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(đầu mút nhiễm sắc thể)

telomere

a repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a linear chromosome, protecting it from deterioration during replication, and playing a role in cellular aging and cancer development

histone

Danh từ

/hɪs.toʊn/ or /his.tooon/

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(protein histone)

histone

a type of protein that plays a structural role in the packaging of DNA into nucleosomes, fundamental units of chromatin

phenotype

Danh từ

/fi.nə.taɪp/ or /fi.nē.taip/

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(biểu hiện sinh học)

phê năng

the observable physical and behavioral characteristics of an organism, resulting from the interaction of its genotype (genetic makeup) with the environment

homeostasis

Danh từ

/hoʊ.mioʊs.teɪ.səs/ or /hooo.miooos.tei.sēs/

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(sự cân bằng nội môi)

điều kiện cân bằng

the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment and maintain a stable, balanced condition, despite external changes

translation

Danh từ

/træns.leɪ.ʃən/ or /trāns.lei.shēn/

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(quá trình dịch)

dịch mã

the process by which the information encoded in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA is converted into a functional product, typically a protein

transcription

Danh từ

/træns.krɪp.ʃən/ or /trāns.krip.shēn/

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(quá trình phiên mã)

sự phiên mã

the process by which a segment of DNA is used as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

replication

Danh từ

/rɛp.lə.keɪ.ʃən/ or /rep.lē.kei.shēn/

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(quá trình sao chép di truyền)

sự sao chép DNA

the process by which an organism duplicates its genetic material, particularly the copying of DNA in cell division

heterozygote

Danh từ

/hɛt.roʊ.zɪ.goʊt/ or /het.rooo.zi.gooot/

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(cá thể dị hợp)

dị hợp tử

an individual organism or cell with two different alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited different genetic information from each parent

homozygote

Danh từ

/hoʊ.moʊ.zaɪ.goʊt/ or /hooo.mooo.zai.gooot/

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(hợp tử đồng tính)

homozygote

an individual organism or cell with two identical alleles at a specific gene locus, having inherited the same genetic information from both parents

codon

Danh từ

/kɑ:.dɑ:n/ or /kaa.daan/

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(codon)

mã di truyền

a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis or serves as a start or stop signal in the translation process

symbiosis

Danh từ

/sɪm.baɪoʊ.səs/ or /sim.baiooo.sēs/

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(đối sinh)

sự cộng sinh

a close and often long-term interaction between two different species living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both

ameba

Danh từ

/eɪm.bə/ or /eim.bē/

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(a-mi-eba)

amip

a single-celled, microscopic organism belonging to the group of protozoa, characterized by a flexible cell membrane and the absence of a fixed body shape

capsid

Danh từ

/kæp.sɪd/ or /kāp.sid/

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(màng bọc virus)

vỏ protein

the protein coat of a virus that encases its genetic material and helps it attach to and enter host cells during infection

chlorophyll

Danh từ

/klɔ.rə.fɪl/ or /klaw.rē.fil/

ch

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(diệp sắc tố)

diệp lục

a green pigment found in all green plants and cyanobacteria that is responsible for the absorption of the sunlight needed for the photosynthesis process

eukaryote

Danh từ

/ju:.ka.rɪoʊt/ or /yoo.ka.riooot/

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(eukaryote)

sinh vật nhân chuẩn

a type of living thing with cells that have a nucleus and other structures enclosed in membranes, like plants, animals, fungi, and some microorganisms

ovum

Danh từ

/oʊ.vəm/ or /ooo.vēm/

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(noãn)

trứng

a mature, female reproductive cell or egg, typically larger than a sperm cell, capable of fusing with a sperm cell during fertilization to form a zygote

pepsin

Danh từ

/pɛp.sɪn/ or /pep.sin/

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(men pepsin)

pepsin

an enzyme produced in the stomach that helps in the digestion of proteins by breaking them down into smaller peptides

adenosine triphosphate

Danh từ

/ˈædənˌɑːsaɪn tɹˈɪfəsfˌeɪt/

(ATP (adenosine triphosphate))

adenosine triphosphate

a molecule that carries energy within cells, composed of adenine, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

prokaryote

Danh từ

/prɑ:.ka.rɪoʊt/ or /praa.ka.riooot/

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(sinh vật đơn bào)

vi khuẩn

a simple, single-celled organism that lacks a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria and archaea