牛奶和奶油

Pasteurized milk refers to milk that has undergone a heat treatment process to eliminate potentially harmful bacteria and extend its shelf life. This process involves heating the milk to a specific temperature and then rapidly cooling it. Pasteurization helps to ensure the safety of the milk by reducing the risk of foodborne illnesses. It is a common method used in the dairy industry to make milk safer for consumption while retaining its nutritional value. Pasteurized milk is widely available and is a popular choice among consumers due to its enhanced safety and convenience.

Scalded milk is milk that has been heated to just below boiling point, typically until small bubbles form around the edges of the pan. This process helps to kill any potentially harmful bacteria present in the milk and can also alter its flavor and texture. Scalded milk is often used in baking recipes to activate yeast or dissolve ingredients like sugar or gelatin more effectively. It can also be used in custards, puddings, or sauces to enhance their consistency and flavor.

Condensed milk is a thick and sweet milk product made by removing most of the water content from regular milk and adding sugar. It has a creamy and rich consistency, making it a popular ingredient in various dessert recipes. Condensed milk is often used to add sweetness and creaminess to dishes like pies, cakes, and ice creams. It can also be used as a standalone spread or topping. Due to its high sugar content and concentrated flavor, condensed milk provides a distinct taste and texture to culinary creations.

Evaporated milk is a concentrated form of milk that is created by heating regular milk to remove a significant portion of its water content. The process of evaporation gives the milk a thicker and creamier consistency, making it suitable for various culinary applications. It is commonly used as a substitute for regular milk in recipes, providing richness and depth of flavor. Evaporated milk can be used in both sweet and savory dishes, such as desserts, sauces, and soups, to enhance their taste and texture.

Caramelized milk, also known as dulce de leche, is a creamy and sweet mixture obtained by slowly heating sweetened condensed milk. The process of caramelization imparts a rich and deep flavor to the milk, creating a thick and luscious consistency. It is commonly used as a filling, topping, or ingredient in various desserts and sweets. Caramelized milk adds a delightful caramel-like taste and smoothness to dishes, making it a popular choice in cakes, cookies, ice creams, and other confections.

Powdered milk, also known as dried milk, is a dairy product made by evaporating the moisture from regular milk, resulting in a fine powder. It is a convenient and shelf-stable alternative to liquid milk, offering versatility in various culinary applications. To use powdered milk, you simply reconstitute it by mixing it with water, providing an instant supply of milk. It can be used in baking recipes, as a substitute for liquid milk in cooking, or as a standalone beverage when mixed with water. Powdered milk is valued for its long shelf life and is often used in emergency food supplies or in situations where fresh milk may not be readily available.

Formula is a carefully crafted and nutritionally balanced alternative to breast milk that provides infants with essential nutrients for their growth and development. It is commonly used when breastfeeding is not possible or as a supplement to breast milk. Formula is available in various forms, such as powdered or liquid, and is prepared by mixing with water according to specific instructions

Whey is a liquid byproduct that is separated from milk during the cheese-making process. It is rich in protein and contains essential amino acids. Whey is commonly used as a dietary supplement and as an ingredient in various food products. It is often found in protein powders, beverages, and baked goods. Whey provides a source of high-quality protein and can contribute to muscle recovery and growth. Additionally, whey can be used as a flavor enhancer in certain recipes, adding a creamy and slightly tangy taste to dishes. Its versatility and nutritional benefits make whey a popular ingredient in the food industry.

Buttermilk is a tangy and acidic dairy product that is made by fermenting milk with lactic acid bacteria. Traditionally, buttermilk was the liquid that remained after churning butter from cream. However, modern buttermilk is often made by adding lactic acid bacteria to low-fat or skim milk. The fermentation process gives buttermilk its characteristic tangy taste and thick, creamy texture. Buttermilk is a versatile ingredient that is used in a variety of recipes, including baked goods, marinades, and dressings. It is particularly popular in Southern cuisine, where it is used as a tenderizing agent for fried chicken and other dishes. Buttermilk is also a good source of calcium, vitamin D, and protein, and is often consumed as a part of a healthy diet.

Milk skin, also known as "cream skin" or "milk film," refers to the thin layer of protein that forms on the surface of heated milk when it cools down. It is created by the alteration of proteins in the milk, which causes them to thicken and form a thin, translucent layer. Milk skin is often removed before using the milk in recipes or consuming it directly, as it can have a slightly different texture and taste compared to the rest of the milk. However, some people enjoy the delicate texture of milk skin and leave it intact or use it as a garnish in certain dishes.

Cream is a rich and creamy dairy product that is obtained by skimming the fatty layer from milk. It has a smooth and velvety texture, and it adds a luxurious richness to various dishes. Cream is often used in cooking and baking to enhance flavors, thicken sauces, and provide a luscious mouthfeel. It can be whipped into soft peaks to create whipped cream, which is a popular topping for desserts and beverages. Cream comes in different varieties, such as heavy cream, light cream, and half-and-half, each with varying levels of fat content. Its indulgent and decadent nature makes it a versatile ingredient in both sweet and savory culinary creations.

Clotted cream is a thick and luxurious dairy product that is made by slowly heating full-fat cow's milk. The heating process causes the cream to rise and form clots, which are then skimmed off and collected. Clotted cream has a rich and silky texture with a slightly sweet and buttery flavor. It is commonly used as a spread or topping for scones, desserts, and fruit. Clotted cream is a specialty ingredient often associated with British cuisine, adding a creamy and indulgent touch to various dishes.

Whipped cream is a light and airy topping made by beating heavy cream until it becomes fluffy and stiff. It adds a creamy and indulgent touch to various desserts and beverages. Whipped cream is often sweetened with sugar and can be flavored with vanilla extract or other extracts to enhance its taste. It is commonly used to adorn cakes, pies, hot beverages like hot chocolate or coffee, and fruity desserts like sundaes and fruit salads. The delicate texture and pleasant sweetness of whipped cream make it a versatile and beloved ingredient in the world of desserts.

Double cream is a rich and luxurious dairy product with a high butterfat content. It is made by skimming the cream from cow's milk and contains around 48% to 50% fat. Double cream has a smooth and velvety texture, making it perfect for enriching sauces, desserts, and toppings. It adds a luscious and indulgent touch to dishes, providing a creamy and decadent flavor. Whether drizzled over fresh berries or incorporated into a creamy pasta sauce, double cream brings a luxurious richness to any culinary creation.

Single cream, also known as light cream, is a versatile dairy ingredient that adds a subtle creamy texture and flavor to a variety of dishes. It is often used to enhance the taste of hot beverages like coffee or tea, as well as to enrich desserts, sauces, and dressings. Its lower fat content makes it a lighter alternative to heavier creams, making it suitable for those seeking a milder and less rich cream option.

Kaymak is a rich and creamy dairy product, popular in Middle Eastern and Balkan cuisines, made by heating and skimming the cream from raw milk. It has a thick, velvety texture and a slightly sweet and buttery flavor. Kaymak is often enjoyed as a spread on bread or served as a topping for desserts, adding a luxurious touch to various dishes. Its indulgent and distinct taste makes it a beloved ingredient in many culinary traditions.

Sour cream is a tangy and creamy dairy product made by fermenting regular cream with lactic acid bacteria. It has a smooth texture and a slightly sour taste. It is commonly used as a condiment or ingredient in various dishes and recipes. Sour cream adds richness and a pleasant tanginess to dishes like tacos, baked potatoes, and dips. It can also be used as a topping for soups or desserts. Its versatility and creamy flavor make it a popular choice in both savory and sweet culinary creations.

Butter is a rich and creamy dairy product made from churning milk or cream. It has a smooth texture and a deliciously indulgent flavor that can range from mild to tangy, depending on factors like the type of milk used and the production process. Butter is a versatile ingredient used in cooking, baking, and spreading on bread or toast. It adds richness, flavor, and moisture to dishes, making it a staple in many kitchens around the world.

Clabber is a dairy product that forms when raw milk or cream is left at room temperature for an extended period. It undergoes a natural fermentation process, causing the milk to thicken and curdle. The acidic environment created by beneficial bacteria in the milk promotes the coagulation of proteins, resulting in the formation of clabber. It has a tangy flavor and a thick, creamy consistency, similar to yogurt or sour cream. Clabber can be used in various culinary applications, such as making cheese, baking, or adding a unique twist to recipes that call for fermented dairy products.

Kefir is a fermented milk drink that is made by adding kefir grains to milk. Kefir grains are small, gelatinous clusters of bacteria and yeast that initiate the fermentation process. The resulting drink has a tangy and slightly effervescent taste and a texture that is similar to thin yogurt. Kefir can be made with any type of milk, including cow, goat, or plant-based milks such as soy or coconut. It is a rich source of probiotics and beneficial bacteria that can help to improve digestion and boost the immune system. Kefir is also high in protein and calcium and is often consumed as a healthy alternative to other dairy products. It can be enjoyed on its own or used as an ingredient in smoothies, dips, or other recipes. Kefir is a traditional beverage that has been consumed for centuries in Eastern Europe and Asia, and has gained popularity in recent years as a health food.

Yogurt is a creamy dairy product made by fermenting milk with beneficial bacteria cultures. It has a thick and smooth texture with a slightly tangy flavor. Yogurt is rich in protein, calcium, and probiotics, which are beneficial for gut health. It can be enjoyed plain or flavored with fruit, honey, or other sweeteners. Yogurt is versatile and can be eaten on its own, used as a topping or ingredient in dishes, or blended into smoothies and sauces.

Cheese is a delicious food made from the curdled or coagulated milk of cows, goats, sheep, or other mammals. It comes in various textures, flavors, and forms, ranging from soft and creamy to hard and crumbly. Cheese can be enjoyed on its own, melted into dishes, or used as a topping or ingredient in a wide variety of recipes, including sandwiches, pasta dishes, and salads. It is a rich source of protein, calcium, and other essential nutrients, making it a popular and versatile food choice worldwide.

Ayran is a traditional yogurt-based drink that is popular in Turkey and throughout the Middle East. It is made from a mixture of yogurt, water, and salt, and is often served chilled. The drink has a thin and slightly frothy consistency and a tangy and salty taste. Ayran is often consumed as a refreshing beverage during hot weather, and is believed to have cooling properties that can help to balance the body's temperature. It is also often served alongside spicy or rich foods, as the acidity of the yogurt can help to balance the flavors. Ayran is a healthy drink that is low in calories and high in protein, and is often consumed as a healthy alternative to sugary drinks or other carbonated beverages.

Custard is a creamy and smooth dessert sauce or filling made by combining milk, sugar, and eggs. It is commonly flavored with vanilla and thickened through gentle cooking or baking. Custard is versatile and can be enjoyed on its own, used as a base for other desserts like pies or tarts, or served alongside cakes or fruit. Its rich and luscious texture makes it a beloved component of many sweet dishes, adding a delightful indulgence to any dessert experience.

Crème fraîche is a creamy and tangy dairy product made from cream that has been fermented with lactic acid bacteria. It has a rich and velvety texture with a slightly sour taste. Crème fraîche is commonly used as a versatile ingredient in both sweet and savory dishes. It can be used as a topping for desserts, mixed into sauces and dressings, or added to soups and stews for extra creaminess. Its high-fat content gives it a luxurious mouthfeel and enhances the flavors of the dishes it is incorporated into.

Raw milk refers to unpasteurized and unhomogenized milk that is obtained directly from animals, typically cows. It is milk in its purest form, straight from the udder, without undergoing any heat treatment or processing. Raw milk retains its natural composition of vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and beneficial bacteria. However, it also carries potential health risks as it may contain harmful bacteria and pathogens. Due to these risks, raw milk is often consumed by those who prioritize its perceived nutritional benefits or engage in traditional food practices. It is important to note that the consumption of raw milk comes with certain safety considerations and regulations vary across different regions.

Low-fat milk refers to milk that has had a significant portion of its fat content removed. It is typically made by skimming off the cream, resulting in a lower fat content compared to whole milk. Low-fat milk offers a lighter and more reduced-calorie option while still providing essential nutrients found in milk, such as protein, calcium, and vitamins. It is often favored by those looking to reduce their fat intake or maintain a healthier lifestyle. Low-fat milk can be used in various culinary applications, including baking, and cooking, and as a substitute for whole milk in recipes that require a lighter consistency without compromising on taste and nutritional value.

Half-and-half is a popular ingredient used in cooking and baking. It is a dairy product that consists of equal parts of milk and cream. With a lower fat content than heavy cream, half-and-half provides a rich and creamy texture to dishes without being overly heavy. It is often used as a versatile ingredient in coffee, soups, sauces, and desserts, adding a touch of creaminess and subtle sweetness. Whether it's enhancing the flavor of a cup of coffee or adding a lusciousness to a creamy pasta sauce, half-and-half adds a delightful richness to a variety of culinary creations.

Coconut milk is a creamy, white liquid extracted from the flesh of mature coconuts. It is commonly used in many cuisines as a dairy-free and vegan substitute for regular milk. It imparts a distinct tropical flavor and adds richness to dishes. Coconut milk is versatile and can be used in both sweet and savory recipes, such as curries, soups, smoothies, and desserts. It is known for its smooth texture and subtle sweetness, making it a popular choice for those seeking a plant-based milk alternative.

Skim milk, also known as fat-free or non-fat milk, is a dairy product that has had the cream removed, resulting in a lower fat content compared to whole milk. It is typically produced by separating the cream from the milk through spinning or other methods. Skim milk keeps all the other nutrients found in whole milk, such as protein, calcium, and vitamins, but it has a much lower fat content, usually less than 0.5% fat. Skim milk is often favored by those looking to reduce their fat intake or manage their weight, as it provides similar nutritional benefits to whole milk but with fewer calories and less saturated fat.

Soymilk is a non-dairy milk substitute made from soybeans. It is produced by grinding soaked and cooked soybeans, then extracting the liquid. The resulting soymilk is smooth and creamy with a slightly nutty flavor. It is often fortified with vitamins and minerals to enhance its nutritional value. Soymilk is a popular choice for those who are lactose intolerant, follow a vegan diet, or prefer plant-based alternatives. It can be used in various recipes and enjoyed as a standalone beverage.