单元 4 - 4A

A cellar is a room or space located below ground level in a building, often used for storage. It is typically found beneath homes, where it serves as a place to store food, wine, or other items that require cool or dry conditions. Cellars can also be used for additional living space, such as a laundry room or recreation area. They are usually accessed by a staircase or trapdoor and may have small windows or ventilation for air circulation.

A fence is a structure that encloses or separates an area, often made from materials such as wood, metal, or wire. It is used to mark boundaries, provide privacy, enhance security, or keep animals in or out. Fences can vary in height and design, depending on their purpose, and are commonly found around homes, gardens, farms, and public spaces. Some fences are solid and tall for privacy, while others are low or made of wire to define spaces without obstructing views.

A garage is a building or space, typically attached to or located near a house, used for storing vehicles, tools, or other items. It often has a door that can be opened to allow cars to enter or exit. Garages can vary in size, from small single-car spaces to larger ones that can fit multiple vehicles or serve as additional storage areas. Some garages are used for purposes like workshops or home maintenance tasks, while others are primarily for parking vehicles.

A hedge is a row of closely planted shrubs or small trees that are often used to form a boundary, fence, or decorative feature in gardens or landscapes. Hedges are trimmed and shaped to grow in a dense, continuous line, providing privacy, wind protection, or an attractive division between areas. Hedges can be evergreen, maintaining their leaves throughout the year, or deciduous, losing their leaves in the fall. They are commonly used for both functional purposes, like creating a natural fence, and aesthetic reasons, such as adding structure and color to outdoor spaces.

A lawn is a patch of grass that is regularly maintained, usually by mowing, in a yard, garden, or public space. It is often found around homes, parks, or sports fields, providing a green, open area for walking, playing, or relaxing. Lawns are typically made up of grass species that grow well in the local climate and soil. They require care, including watering, fertilizing, and trimming, to keep them healthy and neat. A well-maintained lawn can enhance the appearance of an outdoor space and provide a comfortable environment for outdoor activities.

A path is a track or way that forms naturally over time as people repeatedly walk over the same area. It may start as a small trail that becomes more defined and visible from constant use. Paths are often found in parks, forests, or rural areas, where they are created by foot traffic as people travel along the same route. These paths may not be formally constructed but are shaped by the movement of individuals who pass over the ground consistently.

A patio is an outdoor area, typically paved or made of stone, located next to a house or building. It is often used for relaxing, dining, or entertaining guests. Patios can be furnished with outdoor furniture like chairs, tables, or lounge areas, and may also include features like plants, umbrellas, or outdoor kitchens. They are usually located in the backyard or garden and provide a comfortable space to enjoy the outdoors. Patios are popular for creating a functional, enjoyable outdoor living space.

A porch is a covered outdoor area attached to the entrance of a house or building, often serving as a transitional space between the indoors and outdoors. It is typically elevated, with steps leading up to it, and may have a roof supported by posts or columns. Porches can be open or enclosed with screens or glass and are commonly used for relaxing, socializing, or enjoying fresh air. They often feature seating, such as chairs or benches, and can be decorated to create a welcoming entrance to the home.

A shutter is a type of window treatment that is installed on the inside or outside of a window and is designed to control the amount of light and air that enters a room. Shutters typically consist of a frame that surrounds a series of horizontal or vertical slats, which can be adjusted to allow more or less light and air to enter. They are available in a variety of materials, including wood, vinyl, and composite materials, and can be customized to fit any window size or shape. Shutters can be operated manually, or with a motorized system, and are often used for both decorative and functional purposes. They can provide privacy, insulation, and noise reduction, while also enhancing the curb appeal and value of a home.

A sliding door is a type of door that opens by moving along a track, either horizontally or vertically, rather than swinging open like a traditional hinged door. These doors are often made of glass or other lightweight materials, allowing for ample natural light and easy access between indoor and outdoor spaces. Sliding doors are commonly used for patio entries, closet openings, and room dividers, providing a space-saving solution. They can be designed with one or more panels and may include features such as screens for ventilation and security locks. Sliding doors enhance the flow of a space and are popular for their modern and stylish appearance.

A stair is a series of steps designed to connect two levels within a building, allowing individuals to move from one floor to another. Typically enclosed within the structure, stairs consist of horizontal surfaces called treads for stepping on and vertical sections known as risers that support the treads. They can vary in design, including straight, curved, or spiral configurations, depending on the layout and space available. Stairs are essential for accessibility and can be constructed from a range of materials, such as wood, metal, or concrete, providing both functionality and aesthetic appeal in the interior design of a building.

A swimming pool is a large, usually rectangular or circular, container filled with water, designed for people to swim or relax in. Pools can be located outdoors in backyards, parks, or resorts, or indoors in fitness centers or spas. They come in different sizes and depths to accommodate various activities, from swimming laps to leisure swimming. Swimming pools often have features like ladders, steps, or slides for easy access and can be heated or cooled for comfort. They provide a place for exercise, recreation, or relaxation in water.

A houseboat is a type of boat that is designed to be used as a home, often permanently or semi-permanently. It is equipped with living spaces such as bedrooms, a kitchen, and a bathroom, much like a traditional house, but it floats on water. Houseboats can be found on lakes, rivers, and seas, offering a unique way of living on the water. They are popular for recreational use, vacations, or as a permanent residence in waterfront areas. Some houseboats are luxurious, with modern amenities, while others are simple and more basic.

A mansion is a large, impressive house, often featuring luxurious amenities and expansive grounds. It is typically associated with wealth and status, designed to provide both comfort and grandeur. Mansions often have multiple floors, numerous rooms such as a ballroom and library, and outdoor spaces like gardens and swimming pools. They are often found in wealthy neighborhoods or secluded locations, offering privacy and an extravagant lifestyle. Mansions are usually owned by rich individuals or families and are designed to offer an elevated living experience.

A cottage is a small, cozy house, typically located in a rural or semi-rural area. It is often made from wood or stone and is known for its charming, rustic style. Cottages are usually one or two stories and may have a thatched roof or a traditional design. They are often used as vacation homes or weekend getaways, offering a peaceful and intimate living space. The surrounding area of a cottage is often scenic, with gardens, forests, or countryside views, making it a popular choice for those seeking a quiet retreat.

A flower bed is a designated area in a garden where flowers and plants are planted, often arranged in a specific pattern or design. It is typically made up of soil that is prepared for planting, and it can be located in various parts of a garden, such as along walkways, near fences, or in the center of a yard. Flower beds can include a variety of flowers, shrubs, and other plants, providing color and beauty to the surrounding area. They are usually maintained by regular watering, weeding, and fertilizing to ensure healthy plant growth.