(高分子)
聚合物
a large molecule composed of repeating structural units, or monomers, covalently bonded together in a chain-like structure
(同素异形体)
同位素
each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, leading to variation in atomic mass
(具有放射性的)
放射性的
containing or relating to a dangerous form of energy produced by nuclear reactions
(共价结合)
共价键
a chemical bond where atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule
语法信息:
(双重键)
双键
a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving the sharing of two pairs of electrons, resulting in a stronger and more stable connection than a single bond
(吸水的)
亲水的
defining substances or surfaces that have a strong attraction to water molecules, allowing them to easily absorb or interact with water
(憎水的)
疏水的
characterized by substances or surfaces that repel water molecules, showing little or no affinity for water
(放热化学反应)
放热反应
a chemical reaction that releases heat energy to its surroundings, typically resulting in a temperature increase
(内吸热反应)
吸热反应
a chemical process that absorbs heat energy from its surroundings, often resulting in a temperature decrease
(原子质量数)
原子质量
the weighted average mass of an atom of an element, taking into account the masses of all its naturally occurring isotopes
(原子质量数)
质量数
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
(克摩尔)
摩尔
a fundamental unit in chemistry that represents the amount of substance containing as many entities (atoms, molecules) as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12
(微量移液器)
移液管
a laboratory tool used to measure and transfer small volumes of liquid
A pipette is a small, tube-like tool used to transfer or measure liquids in precise amounts. It is typically made of glass or plastic and has a narrow, long shape with a bulb at one end. The bulb is squeezed to draw liquid into the pipette, which can then be released by squeezing the bulb again. Pipettes are commonly used in laboratories, especially in experiments that require accurate measurements of liquids, such as in chemical reactions or medical testing. Some pipettes are graduated to show different volumes, while others are used for transferring a fixed amount of liquid.
(离心设备)
离心机
a device that spins samples to separate components based on density
A centrifuge is a device used in laboratories to separate substances of different weights from a liquid mixture. It does this by spinning the mixture very quickly, causing heavier materials to move outward and leaving lighter materials closer to the center. This process allows scientists and researchers to separate and study substances like cells, proteins, or DNA in biological samples. Centrifuges are essential tools in various scientific fields for performing tests, experiments, and analyses efficiently.
(元素周期表)
周期表
a tabular arrangement of chemical elements organized based on their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties
(钙盐沉积)
钙化
the process where calcium or calcium salts accumulate in a tissue, making it hard and rigid
(定量分析)
滴定
a laboratory method used to determine the concentration of a substance in a solution by gradually adding a reagent of known concentration until a reaction is completed
( fermentation)
发酵
the process by which microorganisms convert carbohydrates into alcohol, acids, or gases
Fermentation is a natural metabolic process that converts sugars into acids, gases, or alcohol, often with the help of microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria. In the context of food and beverages, fermentation is commonly used to produce a wide variety of products, including bread, cheese, yogurt, beer, wine, and sauerkraut, among others. During fermentation, microorganisms break down the sugars present in the starting material, releasing energy and producing byproducts such as carbon dioxide, alcohol, or lactic acid. These byproducts often contribute to the flavor, texture, and preservation of the final product. Fermentation can occur spontaneously in some cases, but it is often carefully controlled and monitored in food production to achieve consistent results and ensure food safety.
(集中度)
浓度
the measure of how much of a substance is present in a certain volume of solution
(根基)
自由基
a group of atoms bonded together that behaves as a single unit within a molecule
(分析)
检测
a test that measures the presence, amount, or activity of a specific substance in a sample, often used in scientific and medical research
(平衡状态)
化学平衡
a state in a chemical reaction where the forward and reverse reactions occur at the same rate, resulting in no net change in the concentrations of reactants and products
(电解作用)
电解
(chemistry) the process of separating a liquid or solution into its parts by passing electricity through it
(溶化)
溶解
(of a solid) to become one with a liquid
语法信息:
(稀薄)
稀释
to make a solution or mixture weaker or less concentrated by adding more liquid
语法信息:
(分散)
悬浮
to disperse fine particles throughout a fluid so they remain evenly distributed without settling
语法信息:
(纳米管)
碳纳米管
a tiny, tube-shaped structure made of carbon atoms, with remarkable strength and electrical properties
(融化的)
熔融的
heated to a liquid state due to high temperatures
(阶段)
相
a phase is a distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties, separated from other forms by boundaries
(排毒)
解毒
to eliminate or neutralize harmful substances
语法信息:
(结晶的)
晶体的
denoting substances with a highly organized molecular structure, akin to crystals
(结晶学家)
晶体学家
a scientist who studies the structure and properties of crystals
(色层析法)
色谱法
a laboratory technique used to separate and analyze mixtures of substances based on their differential affinities for a stationary phase and a mobile phase
(贝塔衰变)
β衰变
a type of radioactive decay where a nucleus emits a beta particle (electron or positron) to transform a neutron into a proton or vice versa
(无电荷的)
未带电的
not having an electrical charge
(凝聚器)
冷凝器
a device that turns vapor into liquid by cooling it
A condenser is a laboratory device used to cool and condense vapors back into liquid form. It typically consists of a tube through which vapor passes, surrounded by a layer of cold water that cools the vapor as it moves through. The cooled vapor then turns back into liquid and can be collected in a separate container. Condensers are commonly used in distillation processes, where heat is applied to a liquid to separate its components, and in other experiments that involve heating and cooling substances. The cold water helps ensure the vapor does not escape.
(范德华力)
范德瓦尔斯力
weak attractive forces between molecules or atoms, arising from temporary or induced dipoles
(冶金工程师)
冶金学家
a scientist or engineer who specializes in the study and production of metals and alloys, including their properties, processing methods, and applications
(吸附作用)
吸附
the process by which molecules of a substance adhere to the surface of a solid or liquid, forming a thin film or layer
(生物燃料)
生物柴油
a renewable, alternative fuel made from organic materials such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or recycled cooking grease
Biodiesel is a type of fuel made from natural oils, such as vegetable oil or animal fat, that can be used in diesel engines. It is considered a cleaner alternative to regular diesel because it produces fewer harmful gases. Biodiesel can be used on its own or mixed with regular diesel. Since it is made from renewable sources, it helps reduce reliance on fossil fuels. However, producing biodiesel requires land and resources, which can affect food production and the environment.
(共熔)
共晶
a specific composition of a mixture of substances, typically metals or alloys, where the melting point is at its lowest possible temperature under atmospheric pressure
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