社会科学

bureaucracy

名词

/bjʊ.rɑk.rə.si/ or /byoo.raak.rē.si/

b

b

u

jʊ

r

r

eau

ɑ

c

k

r

r

a

ə

c

s

y

i

(官僚体制)

官僚制度

an organizational structure characterized by strict procedures, rules, and regulations designed to manage complex tasks or activities efficiently

agency

名词

/eɪ.ʤən.si/ or /ei.jēn.si/

a

eɪ

g

ʤ

e

ə

n

n

c

s

y

i

(代理权)

能动性

the capacity or power of an individual or entity to take action, make decisions, and influence or control their environment or circumstances

clan

名词

/klæn/ or /klān/

c

k

l

l

a

æ

n

n

(宗族)

家族

a large group of people who are related to each other

chiefdom

名词

/ʧif.dəm/ or /chif.dēm/

ch

ʧ

ie

i

f

f

d

d

o

ə

m

m

(酋邦)

酋长制

a form of sociopolitical organization in which a centralized authority governs a community or a collection of communities

collective

名词

/kə.lɛk.tɪv/ or /kē.lek.tiv/

c

k

o

ə

ll

l

e

ɛ

c

k

t

t

i

ɪ

v

v

e

(联合体)

集体

a cooperative or united group of individuals, entities, or elements working together for a common purpose or interest

to census

动词

/sɛn.səs/ or /sen.sēs/

c

s

e

ɛ

n

n

s

s

u

ə

s

s

(进行人口普查)

对人口进行普查

to systematically collect and record demographic data about a population

status quo

名词

/stˈæɾəs kwˈoʊ/

(现有状态)

现状

the situation or condition that is currently at hand

industrialization

名词

/ɪn.dəst.riə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /in.dēst.riē.li.zei.shēn/

i

ɪ

n

n

d

d

u

ə

s

s

t

t

r

r

ia

iə

l

l

i

ɪ

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(产业化)

工业化

the process of developing and expanding industries within a region or country, involving the increased production of goods through the use of advanced machinery, technology, and organized labor

militant

形容词

/mɪ.lə.tənt/ or /mi.lē.tēnt/

m

m

i

ɪ

l

l

i

ə

t

t

a

ə

n

n

t

t

(激进的)

好斗的

displaying violent acts for the sake of a social or political aim

nonconformity

名词

/ˌnɑnkənˈfɔɹməti/

(不合群)

非顺从

the behavior or attitude that does not follow established norms, conventions, or expectations within a society or group

progressive

形容词

/prəg.rɛ.sɪv/ or /prēg.re.siv/

p

p

r

r

o

ə

g

g

r

r

e

ɛ

ss

s

i

ɪ

v

v

e

(渐进的)

进步的

supporting and encouraging positive change and advancement

socialization

名词

/soʊ.ʃə.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /sooo.shē.li.zei.shēn/

s

s

o

oʊ

c

ʃ

ia

ə

l

l

i

ɪ

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(社会交往)

社会化

the process through which individuals within a society or group learn and internalize behavior patterns, norms, values, and customs through interactions, education, and social experiences

civilization

名词

/sɪ.və.lɪ.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /si.vē.li.zei.shēn/

c

s

i

ɪ

v

v

i

ə

l

l

i

ɪ

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(社会)

文明

a society that has developed its own culture and institutions in a particular period of time or place

civil right

名词

/sˈɪvəl ɹˈaɪt/

(民权)

公民权利

any of the basic freedoms or rights that protect individuals from unfair treatment and ensure equality under the law, regardless of race, gender, religion, disability, or other characteristics

socioeconomic

形容词

/soʊ.sioʊɛk.nɑ.mɪk/ or /sooo.sioooek.naa.mik/

s

s

o

oʊ

c

s

ioe

ioʊɛ

c

k

o

n

n

o

ɑ

m

m

i

ɪ

c

k

(社会经济层面的)

社会经济的

referring to factors or conditions that involve both social and economic aspects

urbanization

名词

/ɜr.bə.nə.zeɪ.ʃən/ or /ēr.bē.nē.zei.shēn/

u

ɜ

r

r

b

b

a

ə

n

n

i

ə

z

z

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(都市化)

城市化

the process of people moving from rural areas to urban areas, resulting in the growth of cities and the expansion of urban areas

aristocracy

名词

/ɛ.rəs.tɑk.rə.si/ or /e.rēs.taak.rē.si/

a

ɛ

r

r

i

ə

s

s

t

t

o

ɑ

c

k

r

r

a

ə

c

s

y

i

(上层社会)

贵族

people in the highest class of society who have a lot of power and wealth and usually high ranks and titles

royalty

名词

/rɔɪəl.ti/ or /rawiēl.ti/

r

r

o

ɔ

y

ɪ

a

ə

l

l

t

t

y

i

(王室)

皇室

kings and queens and any member of their families

infrastructure

名词

/ɪnf.rə.strək.ʧɜr/ or /inf.rē.strēk.chēr/

i

ɪ

n

n

f

f

r

r

a

ə

s

s

t

t

r

r

u

ə

c

k

t

ʧ

u

ɜ

r

r

e

(公共设施)

基础设施

the basic physical structures and systems that support and enable the functioning of a society or organization, such as roads and bridges

utopian

形容词

/ju.toʊ.piən/ or /yoo.tooo.piēn/

u

ju

t

t

o

oʊ

p

p

ia

iə

n

n

(理想社会的)

乌托邦的

referring to a vision of an ideal society, where everything is flawless or nearly perfect

civil disobedience

名词

/sˈɪvəl dˌɪsoʊbˈiːdiəns/

(公民抗命)

公民不服从

the deliberate and nonviolent refusal to obey certain laws, demands, or commands of a government or authority, typically as a form of protest

outcast

名词

/aʊt.kæst/ or /aoot.kāst/

o

a

u

ʊ

t

t

c

k

a

æ

s

s

t

t

(被逐者)

被排斥者

a person who has been rejected or excluded from a social group or society, often due to their behavior, beliefs, or social status

refugee

名词

/rɛ.fju.ʤi/ or /re.fyoo.ji/

r

r

e

ɛ

f

f

u

ju

g

ʤ

ee

i

(避难者)

难民

a person who is forced to leave their own country because of war, natural disaster, etc.

indigenous

形容词

/ɪn.dɪ.ʤə.nəs/ or /in.di.jē.nēs/

i

ɪ

n

n

d

d

i

ɪ

g

ʤ

e

ə

n

n

ou

ə

s

s

(原住民的)

土著的

relating to the original inhabitants of a particular region or country, who have distinct cultural, social, and historical ties to that land

humble

形容词

/həm.bəl/ or /hēm.bēl/

h

h

u

ə

m

m

b

b

ə

l

l

e

(低调的)

谦逊的

having a low social rank or position, often characterized by modesty

to assimilate

动词

/ə.sɪ.mə.leɪt/ or /ē.si.mē.leit/

a

ə

ss

s

i

ɪ

m

m

i

ə

l

l

a

eɪ

t

t

e

(融入)

同化

to integrate into a new environment, often by adopting its language, norms, values, and practices

commune

名词

/kɑ.mjun/ or /kaa.myoon/

c

k

o

ɑ

mm

m

u

ju

n

n

e

(乡镇)

公社

a local administrative unit in certain countries, functioning as the smallest division of government

parish

名词

/pæ.rɪʃ/ or /pā.rish/

p

p

a

æ

r

r

i

ɪ

sh

ʃ

(教堂区)

教区

an area with a church of its own that is under the care of a priest

cosmopolitan

形容词

/kɑz.mə.pɑ.lə.tən/ or /kaaz.mē.paa.lē.tēn/

c

k

o

ɑ

s

z

m

m

o

ə

p

p

o

ɑ

l

l

i

ə

t

t

a

ə

n

n

(国际化的)

世界性的

including a wide range of people with different nationalities and cultures

humanitarian

形容词

/hju.mæ.nə.tɛ.riən/ or /hyoo.mā.nē.te.riēn/

h

h

u

ju

m

m

a

æ

n

n

i

ə

t

t

a

ɛ

r

r

ia

iə

n

n

(人道的)

人道主义的

involved in or related to helping people who are in need to improve their living conditions

classist

形容词

/klæ.sɪst/ or /klā.sist/

c

k

l

l

a

æ

ss

s

i

ɪ

s

s

t

t

(阶级主义的)

阶级歧视的

marked by discrimination against or prejudice toward individuals or groups based on their social class

caste

名词

/kæst/ or /kāst/

c

k

a

æ

s

s

t

t

e

(阶级)

种姓

a system that divides the people of a society into different social classes based on their wealth, privilage, or profession

echelon

名词

/ɛ.ʃə.lɑn/ or /e.shē.laan/

e

ɛ

ch

ʃ

e

ə

l

l

o

ɑ

n

n

(级别)

层级

a level or rank in an organization, profession, or society, indicating a person's status or authority within that hierarchy

station

名词

/steɪ.ʃən/ or /stei.shēn/

s

s

t

t

a

eɪ

t

ʃ

io

ə

n

n

(身份地位)

社会地位

a person's social rank or position within a structured hierarchy or society