铁路运营和安全控制

A slow order is a temporary speed limit set on a section of railway track that requires trains to travel slower than usual. This is usually done to ensure safety during situations like track repairs, maintenance, or when the track is in poor condition. Slow orders are put in place to reduce the risk of accidents and allow trains to pass safely over the affected area. The speed limit is typically lower than the normal track speed, and the slow order remains in effect until the track is deemed safe for regular travel speeds again.

Double heading refers to a situation where two locomotives are used to pull a train together, often to provide extra power for hauling heavy loads or traveling on steep inclines. This setup allows both engines to share the workload, helping the train move more efficiently. Double heading is typically used when a single locomotive may not be powerful enough to handle the train's weight or track conditions.

A runaway is a device or system that moves without control, often due to a malfunction or failure in its mechanisms. This lack of restraint can lead to hazardous situations, especially when the system, like a train, continues to move uncontrollably. Without proper control or stopping ability, it can cause accidents or damage. Runaways are particularly dangerous in transportation systems, as they can result in collisions or other serious incidents.

A buffer stop is a safety device placed at the end of a railway track to prevent trains from going past the track's end or colliding with obstacles. It absorbs the impact if a train moves too far along the track or fails to stop in time. Buffer stops are usually found at the end of dead-end tracks, station platforms, or sidings. They can be made of various materials such as metal or concrete and are designed to slow down or stop the train safely, reducing the risk of damage to the train or the surrounding infrastructure.

A railway turntable is a rotating platform used to turn trains or railway cars around. It is often found at train stations or railway yards where trains need to change direction but there is no room for a full track loop. The turntable allows a train to be rotated 180 degrees, making it easier to switch tracks or return in the opposite direction. The platform is typically powered by a motor and can hold the weight of the train as it rotates. This device is especially useful in locations with limited space.

A retarder is a device used to slow down or control the speed of a train, typically on steep slopes or in situations where quick stopping is necessary. It works by applying friction or resistance to the train's movement, helping to prevent excessive speed and ensuring the train stays under control. Retarders are often used in rail yards, where trains need to be safely slowed as they approach station platforms or other tracks. This system enhances the safety and efficiency of train operations.

A dead man's handle is a safety feature on trains that ensures the train stops if the driver becomes unable to control the train or loses awareness. It is a lever or button that the driver must continuously hold or press while operating the train. If the driver lets go or fails to press it, the train will automatically apply the brakes and stop. This system helps prevent accidents caused by a driver becoming unresponsive or distracted. It is commonly found on older trains or in certain safety-critical situations.

Tractive effort is the force that a train's engine or locomotive generates to pull or move the train along the track. It is a measure of the engine's ability to overcome resistance, such as friction or slope, and is crucial for determining how much weight the train can carry. The greater the tractive effort, the more powerful the locomotive, allowing it to pull heavier loads or move at higher speeds. This effort depends on various factors, including the design of the engine, the track conditions, and the weight of the train.

A train meet refers to the situation when two trains traveling in opposite directions arrive at the same location on a track at roughly the same time. In this case, one train must stop and wait for the other to pass to avoid a collision. Train meets typically occur at designated passing points or sidings where tracks are arranged to allow trains to safely pass each other. The process requires careful scheduling and coordination to ensure safety and prevent delays.

Multiple-unit train control is a system that allows several train cars, or units, to be controlled by one operator. In this setup, each car in the train has its own motor and can be operated independently or together with other units. The control system connects all the units, enabling the operator to control the speed, braking, and other functions of the entire train from a single point. This system is commonly used in passenger trains, especially those that need to move through busy areas with frequent stops, as it provides more flexibility and efficiency.

Track warrant control (TWC) is a system used by railroads to manage train movements on tracks, especially in areas without signal systems. Under TWC, a train dispatcher issues a track warrant, which grants a train permission to occupy a specific section of track for a certain period of time. The train is required to follow the instructions in the warrant, such as staying within the specified track limits and not crossing into areas used by other trains. This system ensures that only one train is on a given section of track at a time, helping to prevent collisions and improve safety in areas without automatic signaling.

Automatic train control (ATC) is a system used in trains to manage and regulate the train's speed, ensuring it operates safely and efficiently. ATC continuously monitors the train's position and speed in relation to track signals and other trains. It can automatically adjust the train's speed or stop the train if it detects any potential danger, such as approaching a red signal or a restriction on the track. This system helps prevent accidents, enhances safety, and reduces the need for manual intervention, allowing for smoother and more reliable train operations.

Automatic train protection (ATP) is a safety system used in trains to prevent accidents by automatically controlling the train's speed or stopping it if necessary. It works by monitoring the train's speed and location, comparing this data to signals along the track. If a train is speeding or approaching a danger, such as a red signal or an obstacle, ATP can automatically apply the brakes to slow down or stop the train. This system helps reduce human error and enhances safety, particularly in high-speed or busy train networks.

Automatic train operation (ATO) is a system used in trains that allows them to run without direct human control, using automated systems to manage functions such as speed, braking, and stopping at stations. It relies on sensors, computers, and signals to control the train's movements along the tracks. ATO can be used for specific tasks like maintaining a set speed or managing safe distances between trains, and is often implemented in metro systems or high-speed railways. While ATO helps increase efficiency and safety, operators are typically still present to monitor and intervene if necessary.